Vol. Alternating Current (AC)
Chapter 11 Power Factor

True, Reactive, and Apparent Power

Reactive Power

We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that they actually do dissipate power.

This “phantom power” is called reactive power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than watts.

The mathematical symbol for reactive power is (unfortunately) the capital letter Q.

True Power

The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power, and it is measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P, as always).

Apparent Power

The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without reference to phase angle.

Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital letter S.

Calculating for Reactive, True, or Apparent Power

As a rule, true power is a function of a circuit’s dissipative elements, usually resistances (R). Reactive power is a function of a circuit’s reactance (X).

Apparent power is a function of a circuit’s total impedance (Z). Since we’re dealing with scalar quantities for power calculation, any complex starting quantities such as voltage, current, and impedance must be represented by their polar magnitudes, not by real or imaginary rectangular components.

For instance, if I’m calculating true power from current and resistance, I must use the polar magnitude for current, and not merely the “real” or “imaginary” portion of the current.

If I’m calculating apparent power from voltage and impedance, both of these formerly complex quantities must be reduced to their polar magnitudes for the scalar arithmetic.

Equations Using Scalar Quantities

There are several power equations relating the three types of power to resistance, reactance, and impedance (all using scalar quantities):

 

equations using scalar quantities

 

Please note that there are two equations each for the calculation of true and reactive power.

There are three equations available for the calculation of apparent power, P=IE being useful only for that purpose.

Examine the following circuits and see how these three types of power interrelate for: a purely resistive load, a purely reactive load, and a resistive/reactive load.

Resistive Load Only

 

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely resistive load.

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely resistive load.

 

Reactive Load Only

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely reactive load.

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely reactive load.

 

Resistive/Reactive Load

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a resistive/reactive load.

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a resistive/reactive load.

 

The Power Triangle

These three types of power—true, reactive, and apparent—relate to one another in trigonometric form. We call this the power triangle: (Figure below).

 

Power triangle relating appearant power to true power and reactive power.

Power triangle relating apparent power to true power and reactive power.

 

Using the laws of trigonometry, we can solve for the length of any side (amount of any type of power), given the lengths of the other two sides, or the length of one side and an angle.

 

REVIEW:

  • The power dissipated by a load is referred to as true power. True power is symbolized by the letter P and is measured in the unit of Watts (W).
  • Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its reactive properties is referred to as reactive power. Reactive power is symbolized by the letter Q and is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR).
  • Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent power. Apparent power is symbolized by the letter S and is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA).
  • These three types of power are trigonometrically related to one another. In a right triangle, P = adjacent length, Q = opposite length, and S = hypotenuse length. The opposite angle is equal to the circuit’s impedance (Z) phase angle.

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11 Comments
  • Drgaprasad April 10, 2020

    True power=150w
    Reactive power=125VAR
    apparant power is ?
    What is the solution and how to solve

    Like. Reply
    • RK37 April 10, 2020
      Hi. If you need help understanding a particular concept or solving a particular problem, please post a question in the AAC forum. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/forums
      Like. Reply
    • S
      soncu October 26, 2020
      apparent power is 195.25VA.
      Like. Reply