Interference in FM grows stronger with frequency offset, until pre-emphasis flattens the curve. See why a signal just twice as strong as a rival broadcast can…
Interference in FM grows stronger with frequency offset, until pre-emphasis flattens the curve. See why a signal just twice as strong as a rival broadcast can completely capture the channel.
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible interface board that reads an on-board pressure…
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible interface board that reads an on-board pressure sensor and reports the measurement over an RS-485 network.
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis boost noise performance in FM, but only up to a point—push the gain too far and you risk…
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis boost noise performance in FM, but only up to a point—push the gain too far and you risk overmodulation.
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible interface board that reads a 2-axis thumb…
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible interface board that reads a 2-axis thumb joystick and transmits its position over an RS-485 network.
Simple first-order pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters can boost FM receiver SNR by more than 13 dB by exploiting the…
Simple first-order pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters can boost FM receiver SNR by more than 13 dB by exploiting the spectral differences between signal and noise.
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible relay interface board that switches a 10 A load…
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible relay interface board that switches a 10 A load over an RS-485 network.
Worked examples quantify just how much the FMFB loop shrinks noise bandwidth. We also show how the PLL demodulator offers…
Worked examples quantify just how much the FMFB loop shrinks noise bandwidth. We also show how the PLL demodulator offers a simpler alternative for reducing threshold.
While feedback lowers the FM detection threshold, it offers no noise advantage over conventional receivers when the…
While feedback lowers the FM detection threshold, it offers no noise advantage over conventional receivers when the carrier power is strong. Discover why in this discussion and mathematical analysis.
This project brief describes how to build a compact, single-supply preamplifier module that converts the output of an…
This project brief describes how to build a compact, single-supply preamplifier module that converts the output of an electret microphone into a usable line-level audio signal.
By closing a feedback loop around the demodulator, the FMFB architecture narrows the noise bandwidth and lowers the FM…
By closing a feedback loop around the demodulator, the FMFB architecture narrows the noise bandwidth and lowers the FM threshold, without improving SNR at high CNR.
Discover how the LT1079 quad op-amp minimizes sensor loading in battery-powered designs. Active cancellation and an…
Discover how the LT1079 quad op-amp minimizes sensor loading in battery-powered designs. Active cancellation and an onboard bridge network ensure maximum precision for resistive sensors.
Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot…
Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for the same target SNR.
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible board that reads a linear Hall-effect sensor and…
This project brief describes how to build and use an Arduino-compatible board that reads a linear Hall-effect sensor and reports the measurement over an RS-485 bus.
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a…
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a hard limit on trading bandwidth for noise performance.
Learn how to construct a robust DMOS-based board featuring mute and standby controls. It easily drives 4 or 8 Ω loads…
Learn how to construct a robust DMOS-based board featuring mute and standby controls. It easily drives 4 or 8 Ω loads for your next custom stereo or speaker project.
This article shows you how to configure Software Standby mode and implement a periodic wake-up routine on the Renesas…
This article shows you how to configure Software Standby mode and implement a periodic wake-up routine on the Renesas FPB-RA0E1 Fast Prototyping Board, built around the Arm Cortex-M23-based RA0E1 MCU.
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off:…
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.
Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1%…
Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1% source/sink thresholds and onboard fault diagnostics.
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier…
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.
This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel…
This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel into 4-ohm speakers using STMicroelectronics' STA540 audio amplifier IC.
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