The aperture effect rolls off high message frequencies in flat-top PAM. Here’s how pulse duration limits that distortion to under 0.5% and when an equalizer helps.
The aperture effect rolls off high message frequencies in flat-top PAM. Here’s how pulse duration limits that distortion to under 0.5% and when an equalizer helps.
Flat-top PAM holds each sample’s amplitude for the pulse duration, weighting the spectrum with a sinc function.…
Flat-top PAM holds each sample’s amplitude for the pulse duration, weighting the spectrum with a sinc function. Here’s how that weighting leads to the aperture effect.
Multiplying a message by a pulse train replicates its spectrum at every harmonic. See why a 1/3 duty cycle and 4x…
Multiplying a message by a pulse train replicates its spectrum at every harmonic. See why a 1/3 duty cycle and 4x oversampling stretch the bandwidth roughly 12-fold.
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM…
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then…
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how…
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband…
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.
The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's…
The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's behavior, highlight its main drawbacks, and introduce a different configuration that addresses them.
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited…
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited clock information.
Learn how the two-tone input test helps us evaluate the nonlinearity of RF systems operating on real-world signals.
Learn how the two-tone input test helps us evaluate the nonlinearity of RF systems operating on real-world signals.
Learn about Wi-Fi HaLow, a long-range, low-power wireless standard for IoT applications.
Learn about Wi-Fi HaLow, a long-range, low-power wireless standard for IoT applications.
This article examines the operation of the Class C power amplifier and how it compares to its Class A and Class B counterparts.
This article examines the operation of the Class C power amplifier and how it compares to its Class A and Class B counterparts.
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn…
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn about the types of errors that calibration techniques can't correct.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement,…
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.
In this article, we explore how the signal source and receivers of a VNA enable its function.
In this article, we explore how the signal source and receivers of a VNA enable its function.
Directional couplers are valuable tools for testing RF systems. However, the finite directivity of these devices can…
Directional couplers are valuable tools for testing RF systems. However, the finite directivity of these devices can cause measurement uncertainty. Learn more in this article.
In this article, we explore the types of impedance tuners most commonly used for load-pull measurement—their…
In this article, we explore the types of impedance tuners most commonly used for load-pull measurement—their advantages, their disadvantages, and the methods by which they synthesize impedance.
The output power and efficiency of a power amplifier (PA) are highly dependent on its load terminations. Learn how to…
The output power and efficiency of a power amplifier (PA) are highly dependent on its load terminations. Learn how to characterize a PA's performance by analyzing load lines and estimating the load-pull contours of constant output power.
RF amplifier design is a challenging task, involving trade-offs between linearity, efficiency, gain, and output power.…
RF amplifier design is a challenging task, involving trade-offs between linearity, efficiency, gain, and output power. Here, we examine how a common-emitter circuit can, or can't, function as a power amplifier.
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