The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's behavior, highlight its main drawbacks, and…
The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's behavior, highlight its main drawbacks, and introduce a different configuration that addresses them.
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited…
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited clock information.
In this project, we'll construct and test a microcontroller-based system that digitally generates analog signals.
In this project, we'll construct and test a microcontroller-based system that digitally generates analog signals.
Learn how PLLs enable communication in which a clock signal is not transmitted with the data. We’ll look specifically…
Learn how PLLs enable communication in which a clock signal is not transmitted with the data. We’ll look specifically at return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data formats.
This article explores the operation of the simplest digital phase detector: the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate.
This article explores the operation of the simplest digital phase detector: the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate.
In this article, we'll use the linearized model of a first-order PLL to understand its response to a simple input change.…
In this article, we'll use the linearized model of a first-order PLL to understand its response to a simple input change. We'll then use Matlab simulations to visualize the signals.
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we…
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we develop a nonlinear model for the analog PLL by analyzing its key components.
The output of a power amplifier can be a function of both present and past input values. In this article, we explore how…
The output of a power amplifier can be a function of both present and past input values. In this article, we explore how to characterize this important non-ideality.
We discuss the basics of implementing digital predistortion in RF power amplifier systems and explore two popular…
We discuss the basics of implementing digital predistortion in RF power amplifier systems and explore two popular techniques based on look-up tables.
Learn about the working principles of near-field probes and their applications in troubleshooting EMI issues.
Learn about the working principles of near-field probes and their applications in troubleshooting EMI issues.
We explore the design and functionality of a digital shift register intended for use in mixed-signal circuit simulations.
We explore the design and functionality of a digital shift register intended for use in mixed-signal circuit simulations.
This article explains how to successfully integrate logic gates into an LTspice simulation.
This article explains how to successfully integrate logic gates into an LTspice simulation.
Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.
Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.
High-speed data transmission interfaces such as USB, HDMI, and Ethernet use differential signaling due to its superior…
High-speed data transmission interfaces such as USB, HDMI, and Ethernet use differential signaling due to its superior noise immunity. Even so, some noise still appears. To remove it, we need to understand where it comes from and why.
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the…
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the potential non-idealities of its reference standards.
This article, the first in a two-part series on op amp signal swing, explains the characteristics and limitations of an…
This article, the first in a two-part series on op amp signal swing, explains the characteristics and limitations of an operational amplifier’s input voltages.
The 12-term error model is a simple, effective way of modeling systematic errors in vector network analyzer (VNA)…
The 12-term error model is a simple, effective way of modeling systematic errors in vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements. Learn about this model and an associated error correction technique in this article.
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn…
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn about the types of errors that calibration techniques can't correct.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement,…
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.
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