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Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.


A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Driver Module

A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Driver Module

This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance data transmission over balanced twisted-pair lines.


A 7 to 60 V Input Buck Converter: A Wide-Range DC-DC Step-Down Module

A 7 to 60 V Input Buck Converter: A Wide-Range DC-DC Step-Down Module

This project brief describes how to build a wide-range DC-DC buck converter capable of delivering a regulated 5.0 or 3.3 V output from input voltages ranging from 7 to 60 V.


Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.


The Isolated Half-Bridge: An IGBT Gate Driver Module with Current Sense

The Isolated Half-Bridge: An IGBT Gate Driver Module with Current Sense

This project brief describes how to assemble an isolated half-bridge IGBT gate driver module built around the NCD57085DR2G. It features onboard current sensing and overcurrent protection.


The Voice Echo: An Arduino Audio Project

The Voice Echo: An Arduino Audio Project

This project brief explains how to construct a PCB-based audio-processing platform with an ATmega328 microcontroller. A link to Arduino code for creating an audio echo is also provided.


The Kilo Lamp: An Interactive Lamp Controller

The Kilo Lamp: An Interactive Lamp Controller

This project brief provides the instructions for building a weight-sensitive LED lamp with an Arduino Uno and a handful of commercially available parts.


Understanding the Hogge Detector and the Triwave Solution

Understanding the Hogge Detector and the Triwave Solution

The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's behavior, highlight its main drawbacks, and introduce a different configuration that addresses them.


Using the Arduino Uno Q to Build a DDS Sine Wave Generator

Using the Arduino Uno Q to Build a DDS Sine Wave Generator

In this project, we'll construct and test a microcontroller-based system that digitally generates analog signals.


Projects Apr 19, 2026 by Don Wilcher
Introduction to Clock and Data Recovery

Introduction to Clock and Data Recovery

Learn how PLLs enable communication in which a clock signal is not transmitted with the data. We’ll look specifically at return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data formats.


Building a Push-Pull Level Shifter to Connect an MCU and a Low-Voltage Display

Building a Push-Pull Level Shifter to Connect an MCU and a Low-Voltage Display

In this project, we'll build and demonstrate a discrete analog solution to the incompatible logic levels of an Arduino Uno and an Elecrow e-paper HMI display.


Projects Nov 23, 2025 by Don Wilcher
Hands-ON With AT Commands: The LoRaWAN Trainer

Hands-ON With AT Commands: The LoRaWAN Trainer

We use a Raspberry Pi and free software to build a test platform for IoT systems.


Projects Mar 02, 2025 by Don Wilcher
Programming Your Standalone Hardware Soundboard

Programming Your Standalone Hardware Soundboard

In Part 2 of this two-part series, we turn our hardware assembly into a functioning soundboard by adding the necessary code in Arduino IDE and uploading soundbites.


Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Learn how to turn an ATmega328 microcontroller and an assortment of readily available parts into a dedicated hardware soundboard.


The BBC Micro:bit Adjustable Brightness Alarm: A Radio Shack Remix

The BBC Micro:bit Adjustable Brightness Alarm: A Radio Shack Remix

In this project article, we’ll create a programmable device that alerts users to changes in ambient light levels. Along the way, we’ll learn about astable multivibrators and the Darlington pair.


Projects Nov 20, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Upgrading My Retro Handheld Gaming Console with Motion Control and an LCD

Upgrading My Retro Handheld Gaming Console with Motion Control and an LCD

Follow my upgrade of a handheld game controller as I add a new 1.8-inch color LCD for animated graphics and an accelerometer module for motion control input.


Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

For this project, I built a handheld resistor color code calculator and ohmmeter using the ATmega328 microcontroller and a 1.8-inch color LCD display.


A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

In this Radio Shack Classic Circuits Remix, we add modern microcontroller functionality to the vintage Electronic Timer project for the Science Fair 65-in-1 kit.


Projects Sep 15, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Broadcasting Custom Advertising Data on the nRF52 DK: A Bluetooth LE Tutorial

Broadcasting Custom Advertising Data on the nRF52 DK: A Bluetooth LE Tutorial

Learn how to turn an nRF52 development kit into a Bluetooth Low Energy beacon that broadcasts either static or dynamic custom data.


From VHDL Code to Real Hardware: Designing a Finite-State Machine

From VHDL Code to Real Hardware: Designing a Finite-State Machine

Learn how to implement finite-state machines in VHDL by creating a 4-bit binary counter. After compiling, it will run on an Altera CPLD development board connected to a custom PCB with input switches and an LED display.