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Introduction to Reactance Modulators for Generating FM Signals

Introduction to Reactance Modulators for Generating FM Signals

In this article, we'll introduce the fundamental concepts of direct FM generation and examine a key FM modulation circuit: the reactance modulator.


Create Your Own Stylus-Controlled Synthesizer

Create Your Own Stylus-Controlled Synthesizer

In this project article, we'll use a 555 timer IC to build an iconic musical instrument from the early days of synthesizers.


How to Tune a Class E Amplifier

How to Tune a Class E Amplifier

In this article, we discuss a tuning method designed specifically for Class E RF amplifiers.


Using QSPICE to Understand and Tune an LED Blinker Circuit

Using QSPICE to Understand and Tune an LED Blinker Circuit

In this article, we examine the oscillation behavior of an LED blinker circuit in QSPICE and learn how to control its ON-time and pulse repetition frequency.


Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

For this project, I built a handheld resistor color code calculator and ohmmeter using the ATmega328 microcontroller and a 1.8-inch color LCD display.


A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

In this Radio Shack Classic Circuits Remix, we add modern microcontroller functionality to the vintage Electronic Timer project for the Science Fair 65-in-1 kit.


Projects Sep 15, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Using Clever Techniques to Convert a Passive Audio Filter Into an Active Filter

Using Clever Techniques to Convert a Passive Audio Filter Into an Active Filter

This project covers two fascinating and useful circuit design techniques—the Burton Transform and Dualling—that allow us to transform a passive network into an active network while building an audio noise filter.


Projects Jun 02, 2024 by John Woodgate
Using Complex Permeability to Characterize Magnetic Core Losses

Using Complex Permeability to Characterize Magnetic Core Losses

In this article, we use the concept of magnetic field intensity to help explain how complex permeability models the losses of a magnetic core.


A Simple Procedure for Creating Any Resistance Using Standard Resistors

A Simple Procedure for Creating Any Resistance Using Standard Resistors

Have you ever needed an unusual, non-standard resistance value for the project you are building? This article will provide you with a simple series of steps to build the resistance you need from a collection of resistors.


RF Amplifier Stability Factors and Stabilization Techniques

RF Amplifier Stability Factors and Stabilization Techniques

Learn ways to test an RF amplifier's stability, techniques to stabilize its operation, and how RF design software can help you do both.


Explore Negative Voltage Using LTspice and a Negative Voltage Generator

Explore Negative Voltage Using LTspice and a Negative Voltage Generator

In this article, we’ll use SPICE simulations to explore the theory and behavior of negative voltages.


Understanding the RF Noise Figure Specification

Understanding the RF Noise Figure Specification

Take a closer look at the definition of the RF noise figure and discuss some subtleties to help avoid erroneous interpretations of this specification.


Designing a Wideband Analog Voltage and Current Meter

Designing a Wideband Analog Voltage and Current Meter

Design a wideband analog multimeter to measure AC voltages and currents from 20 Hz to 1 MHz with a selectable sensitivity from 1 mV to 100 V, while the ammeter has a selectable current sensitivity of 10 mA to 10 A.


Projects May 03, 2023 by John Woodgate
Designing L-type Matching Networks Using Series and Parallel RC and RL Circuits

Designing L-type Matching Networks Using Series and Parallel RC and RL Circuits

Learn about l-type impedance matching equations through the quality factor (Q factor) of RC and RL circuits and the series-parallel conversion of these circuits.l-


Analyze RLC Components Using the Admittance Smith Chart and Examples

Analyze RLC Components Using the Admittance Smith Chart and Examples

Learn about the admittance Smith chart to analyze a parallel connection of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and see the circuit's behavior over the swept frequency range.


Learn by Example—Using an Impedance Smith Chart

Learn by Example—Using an Impedance Smith Chart

Learn how a series RLC circuit with arbitrary component values can be represented as a point on the Smith chart and how an impedance contour on the Smith chart can be used to describe the circuit's frequency response.


Investigating Lossless Transmission Line Phase Constant and Infinite Bandwidth

Investigating Lossless Transmission Line Phase Constant and Infinite Bandwidth

Learn how to derive the wave equations for a lossless transmission line and look at its infinite bandwidth and phase constant.


RTD Signal Conditioning—4-Wire Configuration, Ratiometric Measurement, & Filtering

RTD Signal Conditioning—4-Wire Configuration, Ratiometric Measurement, & Filtering

Learn about RTD (resistance temperature detector) signal conditioning through a four-wire configuration, ratiometric measurement, and input RC filters.


Ratiometric Resistance Measurement Basics Using an Analog to Digital Converter

Ratiometric Resistance Measurement Basics Using an Analog to Digital Converter

Learn the basics of ratiometric resistance measurements in analog to digital (A/D) converters, how it's measured, and example uses in a digital multimeter (DMM), microprocessor, and various resistive sensors.


Electronic Component Aging—the Aging Effects of Resistors and Op-amps

Electronic Component Aging—the Aging Effects of Resistors and Op-amps

Learn about the aging behavior of resistors and amplifiers using temperature calculations and the Arrhenius equation to understand resistor drift, resistor stability, and op-amp drift.