Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for…
Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for the same target SNR.
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a…
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a hard limit on trading bandwidth for noise performance.
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off:…
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier…
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the…
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the exact output signal power for a sinusoidal message.
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM…
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then…
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how…
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.
Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter…
Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter for precise tuning.
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband…
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.
In this article, we analyze how bandpass filtering affects the power spectral density (PSD) of noise and explore how…
In this article, we analyze how bandpass filtering affects the power spectral density (PSD) of noise and explore how noise can be described by in-phase and quadrature components.
In this article, we'll learn about several key applications of PLLs in communication systems, including tracking filters,…
In this article, we'll learn about several key applications of PLLs in communication systems, including tracking filters, frequency and phase modulation, and FM and AM demodulation.
In this article, we explore the operation of a Class D stage with a capacitive load and how it can be used in piezo…
In this article, we explore the operation of a Class D stage with a capacitive load and how it can be used in piezo amplifier design.
We examine phase detectors that leverage either the nonlinear characteristics or switching capabilities of diodes to…
We examine phase detectors that leverage either the nonlinear characteristics or switching capabilities of diodes to perform multiplication.
This project turns old-school analog ammeters into a working clock that can also display the ambient temperature.
This project turns old-school analog ammeters into a working clock that can also display the ambient temperature.
Learn how to select the zero frequency, damping factor, and loop bandwidth for one of the most popular PLL configurations.
Learn how to select the zero frequency, damping factor, and loop bandwidth for one of the most popular PLL configurations.
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine…
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine the PLL behavior for frequency step and frequency ramp inputs.
In this article, we examine how adding a zero to the PLL loop filter affects the transient behavior and steady-state errors.
In this article, we examine how adding a zero to the PLL loop filter affects the transient behavior and steady-state errors.
In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.
In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.
Learn how using a pole-zero loop filter improves PLL performance and design flexibility over the simpler lag filter.
Learn how using a pole-zero loop filter improves PLL performance and design flexibility over the simpler lag filter.
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