Interference in FM grows stronger with frequency offset, until pre-emphasis flattens the curve. See why a signal just twice as strong as a rival broadcast can…
Interference in FM grows stronger with frequency offset, until pre-emphasis flattens the curve. See why a signal just twice as strong as a rival broadcast can completely capture the channel.
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis boost noise performance in FM, but only up to a point—push the gain too far and you risk…
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis boost noise performance in FM, but only up to a point—push the gain too far and you risk overmodulation.
Simple first-order pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters can boost FM receiver SNR by more than 13 dB by exploiting the…
Simple first-order pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters can boost FM receiver SNR by more than 13 dB by exploiting the spectral differences between signal and noise.
Worked examples quantify just how much the FMFB loop shrinks noise bandwidth. We also show how the PLL demodulator offers…
Worked examples quantify just how much the FMFB loop shrinks noise bandwidth. We also show how the PLL demodulator offers a simpler alternative for reducing threshold.
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off:…
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.
This project brief describes how to build and use a four-channel differential line receiver module for balanced RS-422…
This project brief describes how to build and use a four-channel differential line receiver module for balanced RS-422 and RS-485 data links.
This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance…
This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance data transmission over balanced twisted-pair lines.
In this article, we analyze how bandpass filtering affects the power spectral density (PSD) of noise and explore how…
In this article, we analyze how bandpass filtering affects the power spectral density (PSD) of noise and explore how noise can be described by in-phase and quadrature components.
In this article, we'll learn about several key applications of PLLs in communication systems, including tracking filters,…
In this article, we'll learn about several key applications of PLLs in communication systems, including tracking filters, frequency and phase modulation, and FM and AM demodulation.
The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's…
The Hogge phase detector plays multiple roles in CDR circuits. In this article, we'll explore the Hogge detector's behavior, highlight its main drawbacks, and introduce a different configuration that addresses them.
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited…
Learn how the Hogge detector addresses the challenges of clock and data recovery (CDR) for data signals with limited clock information.
This article explores the operation of the simplest digital phase detector: the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate.
This article explores the operation of the simplest digital phase detector: the exclusive-OR (XOR) gate.
We examine phase detectors that leverage either the nonlinear characteristics or switching capabilities of diodes to…
We examine phase detectors that leverage either the nonlinear characteristics or switching capabilities of diodes to perform multiplication.
This article explores the operation of the Gilbert-cell phase detector for both small and large signals.
This article explores the operation of the Gilbert-cell phase detector for both small and large signals.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.
Learn how to select the zero frequency, damping factor, and loop bandwidth for one of the most popular PLL configurations.
Learn how to select the zero frequency, damping factor, and loop bandwidth for one of the most popular PLL configurations.
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine…
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine the PLL behavior for frequency step and frequency ramp inputs.
In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.
In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.
In this article, we evaluate the designs of two simple frequency synthesizers to learn how a second-order PLL with a lag…
In this article, we evaluate the designs of two simple frequency synthesizers to learn how a second-order PLL with a lag filter can provide a faster rise time than a first-order PLL.
Higher-order PLLs are more commonly used than first-order PLLs. To explain why, we explore the first-order PLL's behavior…
Higher-order PLLs are more commonly used than first-order PLLs. To explain why, we explore the first-order PLL's behavior in response to two inputs: a frequency step and frequency ramp.
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