In this project, we'll construct and test a microcontroller-based system that digitally generates analog signals.
In this project, we'll construct and test a microcontroller-based system that digitally generates analog signals.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine…
This article explains how Type-2 PLLs with an integrator loop filter outperform Type-1 systems. To do so, we'll examine the PLL behavior for frequency step and frequency ramp inputs.
This article explores the effect of signal bandwidth on the linearity of power amplifiers, including the impacts of…
This article explores the effect of signal bandwidth on the linearity of power amplifiers, including the impacts of cascaded RF gain stages.
Learn to calculate the upper and lower limits of a circuit’s dynamic range and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR).
Learn to calculate the upper and lower limits of a circuit’s dynamic range and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR).
The output of a power amplifier can be a function of both present and past input values. In this article, we explore how…
The output of a power amplifier can be a function of both present and past input values. In this article, we explore how to characterize this important non-ideality.
Learn about the working principles of near-field probes and their applications in troubleshooting EMI issues.
Learn about the working principles of near-field probes and their applications in troubleshooting EMI issues.
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the…
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the potential non-idealities of its reference standards.
The 12-term error model is a simple, effective way of modeling systematic errors in vector network analyzer (VNA)…
The 12-term error model is a simple, effective way of modeling systematic errors in vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements. Learn about this model and an associated error correction technique in this article.
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn…
In this article, we compare the scope of factory and user calibration for vector network analyzers (VNAs). We then learn about the types of errors that calibration techniques can't correct.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
Learn the basics of how vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques correct measurement errors.
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement,…
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.
In this article, we investigate two metrics used to characterize the performance of RF test and measurement systems.
In this article, we investigate two metrics used to characterize the performance of RF test and measurement systems.
In this article, we explore how the signal source and receivers of a VNA enable its function.
In this article, we explore how the signal source and receivers of a VNA enable its function.
Directional couplers are valuable tools for testing RF systems. However, the finite directivity of these devices can…
Directional couplers are valuable tools for testing RF systems. However, the finite directivity of these devices can cause measurement uncertainty. Learn more in this article.
As part of a vector network analyzer (VNA), a directional coupler enables us to characterize a device’s performance by…
As part of a vector network analyzer (VNA), a directional coupler enables us to characterize a device’s performance by its S-parameters. Read this article to learn more about this important piece of equipment.
In this article, we explore the types of impedance tuners most commonly used for load-pull measurement—their…
In this article, we explore the types of impedance tuners most commonly used for load-pull measurement—their advantages, their disadvantages, and the methods by which they synthesize impedance.
Learn about the role of gain analysis in the design of unilateral RF amplifiers, first by reviewing the basic concepts…
Learn about the role of gain analysis in the design of unilateral RF amplifiers, first by reviewing the basic concepts and then by working through a pair of design examples.
Stability analysis is an integral part of RF design. Learn the basics of stability analysis, including how to determine…
Stability analysis is an integral part of RF design. Learn the basics of stability analysis, including how to determine whether a device is unconditionally stable or potentially unstable.
This article explains how to use a histogram test with a sinusoidal input to determine analog-to-digital converter (ADC)…
This article explains how to use a histogram test with a sinusoidal input to determine analog-to-digital converter (ADC) parameters, along with the advantages of doing so.
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