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Understanding RF Calibration Using Short, Open, Load, and Through Terminations

Understanding RF Calibration Using Short, Open, Load, and Through Terminations

In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the potential non-idealities of its reference standards.


What is an Image Processor? Turns Out the Answer is Hazy

What is an Image Processor? Turns Out the Answer is Hazy

Real-time image processing is a resource-intensive task that often requires specialized hardware. With that in mind, let's explore processors that are designed specifically for photo and video applications.


An Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

An Introduction to Digital Signal Processing

This article provides a general understanding of what DSP is, how it works, and what advantages it can offer. To appreciate the advantages of DSP, let’s first have a look at the conventional method of signal processing, i.e., analog signal processing.


Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors

Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors

In this article, you'll learn the basics of the CMOS image sensor, including its core components, its block diagram, its strengths and weaknesses, and its applications.


What Is Dynamic Range?

What Is Dynamic Range?

The concept of dynamic range appears frequently in engineering discussions. But what exactly does this term mean? And how does it apply to electronic circuits and systems?


Determining Dynamic Range of CCD Image Sensors

Determining Dynamic Range of CCD Image Sensors

This article explains how CCD construction, operating parameters, and external signal-processing circuitry contribute to the maximum variation in luminance that CCD imaging hardware can capture.


Quantum Efficiency and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in CCD Image Sensors

Quantum Efficiency and Signal-to-Noise Ratio in CCD Image Sensors

In this article, we’ll draw upon our knowledge of noise sources and combine it with some new information to create a comprehensive model for CCD noise performance.


Photon Noise, Read Noise, and Reset Noise in CCD Image Sensors

Photon Noise, Read Noise, and Reset Noise in CCD Image Sensors

In this article, we’ll take a look at electrical and optical conditions that contribute to reduced image quality in CCD camera systems.


Anti-Aliasing Filters: Applying Sampling Theory to ADC Design

Anti-Aliasing Filters: Applying Sampling Theory to ADC Design

This article examines an important aspect of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem and explains its connection to the need for anti-aliasing filters in analog-to-digital conversion.


The Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem: Exceeding the Nyquist Rate

The Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem: Exceeding the Nyquist Rate

This article continues our series on sampling theory by explaining the importance of oversampling in real-life mixed-signal systems.


The Nyquist–Shannon Theorem in the Frequency Domain

The Nyquist–Shannon Theorem in the Frequency Domain

This article continues our discussion of sampling theory and introduces the concept of aliasing.


CCD Binning in Imaging Systems: Increasing Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Frame Rate

CCD Binning in Imaging Systems: Increasing Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Frame Rate

This article explains a technique that allows us to incorporate flexibility into the operational parameters of a CCD imaging system.


Sampling, Amplifying, and Digitizing CCD Output Signals

Sampling, Amplifying, and Digitizing CCD Output Signals

In this article, we’ll see that the amount of noise in image data from a CCD sensor can be greatly reduced by a technique known as correlated double sampling.


Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

In this article, we’ll examine two important specifications of a digital oscilloscope: analog bandwidth and sampling rate.


Introduction to Image Sensor Technology, from Photons to Electrons

Introduction to Image Sensor Technology, from Photons to Electrons

This article, the first in a series, discusses light-sensitive electronic devices called photodiodes and compares CCD and CMOS sensors.


Image Arithmetic in DSP: Image Averaging and Image Subtraction

Image Arithmetic in DSP: Image Averaging and Image Subtraction

Learn how to employ arithmetic operations on images as a way to enhance image quality, detect changes, and reduce noise.


Use Signal Averaging to Increase the Accuracy of Your Measurements

Use Signal Averaging to Increase the Accuracy of Your Measurements

In this article, we'll discuss the signal averaging method, a noise reduction technique, and how it can help increase the accuracy of your signal measurements.


How to Conduct Point Operations for Digital Image Processing: Using Look-up Tables

How to Conduct Point Operations for Digital Image Processing: Using Look-up Tables

Learn how to use look-up tables to conduct point operations in digital image processing.


Digital Image Processing: Point Operations to Adjust Brightness and Contrast

Digital Image Processing: Point Operations to Adjust Brightness and Contrast

In this article, we’ll first look at the basics of representing a digital image. Then, we’ll discuss some simple operations that allow us to adjust the brightness and contrast of an image. Finally, we’ll briefly look at the circuit implementation of these operations.


Low-Noise Voltage References: Understanding the Noise Performance of a Voltage Reference IC

Low-Noise Voltage References: Understanding the Noise Performance of a Voltage Reference IC

Working with a low noise voltage reference? Learn more about noise specifications and relevant voltage reference ICs.