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Exploring the Threshold Constraints of FM Demodulation Through Solved Examples

Exploring the Threshold Constraints of FM Demodulation Through Solved Examples

Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for the same target SNR.


A 60 W Class-AB Audio Amplifier: A TDA7296-Based Single-Channel Power Amp

A 60 W Class-AB Audio Amplifier: A TDA7296-Based Single-Channel Power Amp

Learn how to construct a robust DMOS-based board featuring mute and standby controls. It easily drives 4 or 8 Ω loads for your next custom stereo or speaker project.


A 500 mA Power Op Amp Breakout Board With Precision Current Limiting

A 500 mA Power Op Amp Breakout Board With Precision Current Limiting

Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1% source/sink thresholds and onboard fault diagnostics.


A Dual 38W Power Amplifier: A Compact STA540-Based Stereo Audio Board

A Dual 38W Power Amplifier: A Compact STA540-Based Stereo Audio Board

This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel into 4-ohm speakers using STMicroelectronics' STA540 audio amplifier IC.


An Ultra-Low-Noise Pre-Amp For Audio Applications

An Ultra-Low-Noise Pre-Amp For Audio Applications

Build an ultra-low-noise preamplifier with a JFE150 JFET and OPA202 op-amp, perfect for high-impedance sensors, hydrophones, guitar pickups, microphones, and turntables.


Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.


Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.


Designing a Tuneable Ultrasonic Filter

Designing a Tuneable Ultrasonic Filter

Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter for precise tuning.


Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.


Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Learn how to turn an ATmega328 microcontroller and an assortment of readily available parts into a dedicated hardware soundboard.


Introduction to SLiCAP for Analog Circuit Design

Introduction to SLiCAP for Analog Circuit Design

Learn how to design and verify analog circuits using SLiCAP, a Python-based symbolic simulator program.


Understanding the Transformer-Coupled Current-Switching Class D Amplifier

Understanding the Transformer-Coupled Current-Switching Class D Amplifier

In this article, we’ll learn about the transformer-coupled current-switching Class D amplifier. Once we understand its operation, we'll compare its performance with two voltage-switching Class D configurations.


Understanding the Transformer-Coupled Voltage-Switching Class D Amplifier

Understanding the Transformer-Coupled Voltage-Switching Class D Amplifier

In this article, we'll learn how the transformer-coupled voltage-switching Class D amplifier works and highlight some of its advantages.


Understanding Class D Amplifier Non-Idealities: Reactive Loads and Parasitic Capacitances

Understanding Class D Amplifier Non-Idealities: Reactive Loads and Parasitic Capacitances

In this article, we'll learn about two important non-idealities of Class D power amplifiers and how they affect performance.


Understanding the Effect of Diode Reverse Recovery in Class D Amplifiers

Understanding the Effect of Diode Reverse Recovery in Class D Amplifiers

With the help of SPICE simulations, this article explores the impact of diode reverse recovery on Class D amplifier performance.


Why Class D Amplifiers Need Anti-Parallel Diodes

Why Class D Amplifiers Need Anti-Parallel Diodes

Learn how anti-parallel diodes protect Class D amplifiers from the effects of reactive loads and inductive kickback.


Introduction to Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers: Class D Operation

Introduction to Switching-Mode Power Amplifiers: Class D Operation

In this article, we'll learn the basics of switching-mode RF amplifiers in general and Class D amplifiers in particular.


Understanding the Limitations of the Class C Power Amplifier

Understanding the Limitations of the Class C Power Amplifier

In this article, we explore the drawbacks of Class C operation through a performance comparison with Class A and Class B amplifiers.


Introduction to the Common-Drain Amplifier: Small-Signal Behavior

Introduction to the Common-Drain Amplifier: Small-Signal Behavior

The common-drain amplifier is a single-stage configuration that uses the gate as its input and the source as its output. Learn about its small-signal characteristics in this article.


Introduction to the Common-Drain Amplifier: Large-Signal Behavior

Introduction to the Common-Drain Amplifier: Large-Signal Behavior

Also known as the source follower, the common-drain amplifier is notable for its low output impedance. This article introduces the basic common-drain configuration and examines its large-signal characteristics.