Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for…
Working through examples shows how the threshold effect reshapes FM design choices. See how ignoring it can undershoot the required carrier power by over 5x for the same target SNR.
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a…
The standard FM SNR equation breaks down once the carrier-to-noise ratio drops below a critical threshold, revealing a hard limit on trading bandwidth for noise performance.
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off:…
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier…
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the…
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the exact output signal power for a sinusoidal message.
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM…
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then…
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.
This project brief describes how to build and use a four-channel differential line receiver module for balanced RS-422…
This project brief describes how to build and use a four-channel differential line receiver module for balanced RS-422 and RS-485 data links.
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how…
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.
This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance…
This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance data transmission over balanced twisted-pair lines.
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband…
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.
Learn how PLLs enable communication in which a clock signal is not transmitted with the data. We’ll look specifically…
Learn how PLLs enable communication in which a clock signal is not transmitted with the data. We’ll look specifically at return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data formats.
In this article, we'll investigate how varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulating tone impacts the bandwidth…
In this article, we'll investigate how varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulating tone impacts the bandwidth of FM signals. We'll also compare the modulation index in AM and FM schemes.
Learn how anti-parallel diodes protect Class D amplifiers from the effects of reactive loads and inductive kickback.
Learn how anti-parallel diodes protect Class D amplifiers from the effects of reactive loads and inductive kickback.
Though both standards have long been used for serial communication, RS-485 offers valuable features that aren't available…
Though both standards have long been used for serial communication, RS-485 offers valuable features that aren't available from RS-232. Learn more in this article.
Learn about measuring the noise figure (NF) using the Y factor method. We'll dive into using this to find the noise…
Learn about measuring the noise figure (NF) using the Y factor method. We'll dive into using this to find the noise factor, how to calibrate for noise temperature, and much more.
Learn about the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) wireless communication protocol, namely its features, protocol stack, and how…
Learn about the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) wireless communication protocol, namely its features, protocol stack, and how it communicates with devices.
Learn about voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, and mismatch loss, which helps characterize the wave…
Learn about voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, and mismatch loss, which helps characterize the wave reflections in a radio frequency (RF) design.
What is millimeter wave technology and how is it characterized compared to other lower-frequency technologies?
What is millimeter wave technology and how is it characterized compared to other lower-frequency technologies?
Learn the basics of 5G NR (New Radio), including its frequency bands, applications, and what technologies make it possible.
Learn the basics of 5G NR (New Radio), including its frequency bands, applications, and what technologies make it possible.
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin