In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced discriminator and how it provides improved…
In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced discriminator and how it provides improved linearity across a wider bandwidth.
In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a…
In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a differentiator.
This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.
This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.
Learn about a classic amplitude modulation (AM) technique that’s been used in voice transmission for nearly a century.
Learn about a classic amplitude modulation (AM) technique that’s been used in voice transmission for nearly a century.
Learn how the balanced modulator addresses shortcomings of the square-law modulator when generating DSB-SC and…
Learn how the balanced modulator addresses shortcomings of the square-law modulator when generating DSB-SC and conventional AM signals.
The common-drain amplifier is a single-stage configuration that uses the gate as its input and the source as its output.…
The common-drain amplifier is a single-stage configuration that uses the gate as its input and the source as its output. Learn about its small-signal characteristics in this article.
This project covers two fascinating and useful circuit design techniques—the Burton Transform and Dualling—that allow…
This project covers two fascinating and useful circuit design techniques—the Burton Transform and Dualling—that allow us to transform a passive network into an active network while building an audio noise filter.
Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.
Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the…
In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the potential non-idealities of its reference standards.
In this article, we learn about the frequency response of the MOSFET common-source amplifier by examining its s-domain…
In this article, we learn about the frequency response of the MOSFET common-source amplifier by examining its s-domain transfer function.
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement,…
This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.
In this article, we investigate two metrics used to characterize the performance of RF test and measurement systems.
In this article, we investigate two metrics used to characterize the performance of RF test and measurement systems.
The small-signal characteristics of MOSFETs play an important role in analog IC design. In this article, we learn how to…
The small-signal characteristics of MOSFETs play an important role in analog IC design. In this article, we learn how to model MOS transistors' small-signal behaviors.
This project will cover the design, construction, and testing of an analog filter meeting the ITU-R BS.468-4…
This project will cover the design, construction, and testing of an analog filter meeting the ITU-R BS.468-4 specification, which aims to evaluate the disturbing effects of noise on audio broadcast signals.
In this project, we design an A-weighted analog noise filter for audio frequencies. The filter provides a variable…
In this project, we design an A-weighted analog noise filter for audio frequencies. The filter provides a variable frequency gain response that is similar to that of our hearing.
This article presents the design of an unweighted (Z-weighted) audio filter with a flat frequency response from 20 Hz to…
This article presents the design of an unweighted (Z-weighted) audio filter with a flat frequency response from 20 Hz to 20 kHz for the measurement of audio noise.
This project demonstrates the design and operation of a root-mean-squared (RMS) detector for inclusion in a wideband…
This project demonstrates the design and operation of a root-mean-squared (RMS) detector for inclusion in a wideband voltmeter. The RMS detector is useful for measuring certain signal types, including noise, since it provides an indication of the energy in a signal.
Design a wideband analog multimeter to measure AC voltages and currents from 20 Hz to 1 MHz with a selectable sensitivity…
Design a wideband analog multimeter to measure AC voltages and currents from 20 Hz to 1 MHz with a selectable sensitivity from 1 mV to 100 V, while the ammeter has a selectable current sensitivity of 10 mA to 10 A.
Learn about two nonlinearity sources, spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) in…
Learn about two nonlinearity sources, spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).
Quadrature networks convert a single input signal into two outputs with a 90-degree phase difference. This article…
Quadrature networks convert a single input signal into two outputs with a 90-degree phase difference. This article explains how to design quadrature networks using all-pass filters.
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