Latest Filters Technical Articles

In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.

In this article, we derive design equations for a second-order PLL with a lag-lead filter by examining its Bode plots.

Learn how using a pole-zero loop filter improves PLL performance and design flexibility over the simpler lag filter.

Learn how using a pole-zero loop filter improves PLL performance and design flexibility over the simpler lag filter.

In this article, we evaluate the designs of two simple frequency synthesizers to learn how a second-order PLL with a lag…

In this article, we evaluate the designs of two simple frequency synthesizers to learn how a second-order PLL with a lag filter can provide a faster rise time than a first-order PLL.

In this article, we analyze the steady-state errors and Bode plots for a second-order PLL with a simple, first-order loop filter.

In this article, we analyze the steady-state errors and Bode plots for a second-order PLL with a simple, first-order loop filter.

Learn how adding a lowpass loop filter to a PLL with a single integrator impacts both the frequency-domain and…

Learn how adding a lowpass loop filter to a PLL with a single integrator impacts both the frequency-domain and time-domain response.

In this article, we'll use a nonlinear mathematical model to improve our understanding of how a first-order PLL locks to a signal.

In this article, we'll use a nonlinear mathematical model to improve our understanding of how a first-order PLL locks to a signal.

Learn how an analog multiplier or AND gate can function as a quadrature detector for FM demodulation.

Learn how an analog multiplier or AND gate can function as a quadrature detector for FM demodulation.

Learn how the Foster-Seeley discriminator, a classic analog circuit for FM demodulation, achieves its superior linearity.

Learn how the Foster-Seeley discriminator, a classic analog circuit for FM demodulation, achieves its superior linearity.

In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced…

In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced discriminator and how it provides improved linearity across a wider bandwidth.

In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a…

In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a differentiator.

This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.

This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.

Learn about a classic amplitude modulation (AM) technique that’s been used in voice transmission for nearly a century.

Learn about a classic amplitude modulation (AM) technique that’s been used in voice transmission for nearly a century.

Learn how the balanced modulator addresses shortcomings of the square-law modulator when generating DSB-SC and…

Learn how the balanced modulator addresses shortcomings of the square-law modulator when generating DSB-SC and conventional AM signals.

The common-drain amplifier is a single-stage configuration that uses the gate as its input and the source as its output.…

The common-drain amplifier is a single-stage configuration that uses the gate as its input and the source as its output. Learn about its small-signal characteristics in this article.

This project covers two fascinating and useful circuit design techniques—the Burton Transform and Dualling—that allow…

This project covers two fascinating and useful circuit design techniques—the Burton Transform and Dualling—that allow us to transform a passive network into an active network while building an audio noise filter.

Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.

Learn how these simple filters can help you combat common-mode noise with minimal degradation of the desired signal.

In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the…

In this article, we conclude our discussion of VNAs by walking through the steps of a SOLT calibration and examining the potential non-idealities of its reference standards.

In this article, we learn about the frequency response of the MOSFET common-source amplifier by examining its s-domain…

In this article, we learn about the frequency response of the MOSFET common-source amplifier by examining its s-domain transfer function.

This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement,…

This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.