How to Build an Arduino-Controlled AM/FM/SW Radio
Combine the Si4844-A10 analog-tuned radio receiver with an Arduino to make a full-featured multiband radio.
Combine the Si4844-A10 analog-tuned radio receiver with an Arduino to make a full-featured multiband radio.
The idea of a single chip radio is intriguing. The prospect is especially interesting to me because, frankly, I envy the analog skills I associate with building a radio receiver. When I browsed the circuit literature in the area, I came across the Silicon Labs collection. One of their chips, the Si4844-A10 caught my attention. This receiver has AM/FM/SW capability with all the bells and whistles and it is designed to work with a microprocessor. Best of all, the support components required are mainly associated with the microprocessor display and control functions with only a small amount of antenna support needed. I couldn’t resist taking the plunge.
Reference Documents
Familiarity with the chip’s data and application information is strongly encouraged. The three documents linked below are highly recommended for understanding and building the project:
The Basic Circuit
The radio receiver schematic (Click to enlarge)
The schematic above presents the basic circuit for the receiver and the schematic is adapted from the Silicon Labs Si4844 datasheet and application notes. I used a reclaimed ferrite loop from a discarded portable AM/FM radio as the required AM antenna. I think that a higher quality and larger ferrite would be an improvement. Q1 is the amplifier for the SW/AM and I also used a reclaimed telescopic antenna in that section. It is notable that the design guide, linked above, gives several alternatives and different approaches for the antenna components.
The variable resistor (VR1) is a critical component since this will be used to adjust the receiver frequency – the tuning knob. It is recommended that a good quality linear potentiometer be used. For the audio out, I chose to use a set of “economical” amplified speakers that I had from a retired desktop PC. Certainly, a simple stereo amplifier could also be used. Everything on the board is 3.3v and all GNDs are connected.
The most difficult part of the construction is probably working with the chip’s SSOP-24 form factor. If you don’t have the experience and equipment to use SMT ICs, the use of a carrier board may be the easiest way to accomplish the task. I had an SSOP-28 carrier board and with a fine point soldering tip and a lot of patience (and some solder braid to undo bridges); I was able to mount the chip so that it could be accessed as a DIL package. The other potentially difficult components to work with are the couple of surface mount ferrite beads and capacitors. These components can also be hand soldered onto a carrier board and treated like a DIL package.
SMT components soldered onto carrier boards
Part | Description |
---|---|
B1 | ferrite bead 2.5 kOhm (100 mHz) |
C1,C2,C5 | 4.7 uf non polarized capacitor |
C3,C4 | 22 pf non polarized capacitor |
C6,C7,C9 | .1 uf non polarized capacitor |
C8 | 47 uf non polarized capacitor |
C10,C11 | .47 uf non polarized capacitor |
C12,C14 | 33 nf non polarized capacitor |
C13 | 33 pf non polarized capacitor |
C15 | 10 pf non polarized capacitor |
IC1 | Si4844-A10 radio receiver |
Q1 | SS9018 NPN transistor |
R1, R2 | 2.2K |
R3 | 1K |
R4,R7 | 100K |
R5 | 10 |
R6 | 120K |
R8 | 100 |
L1 | 270 nH Inductor |
VR1 | 100K linear potentiometer |
Y1 | 32.768 kHz crystal |
ANT1 | ferrite antenna |
ANT2 | telescopic/whip antenna |
Connecting an Arduino
The other piece that needs to be considered before powering up the circuit for testing is the Arduino interface. For this component, I chose to use the Arduino Pro Mini, 3v/8Mhz board. This tiny Arduino is entirely 3.3v and is compatible with the Si4448-A10 and that is a chief advantage. The small size of the board is an additional convenience. Connection to the Si4844-A10 is through four lines as described below:
Arduino (3.3v) | Si4844-A10 |
---|---|
A5/SCL | SCLK |
A4/SDA | SDIO |
D2 | INT |
D12 | RST |
Additionally, a standard USB/Serial interface is used to connect the Arduino to a PC for programming. The exact connections will depend a bit upon the serial board that you use, but will include the usual TX, RX and GND connections. In this manner, you can essentially program and test the Si4844-A10 “in circuit”, which facilitates development and experimentation. When completed, however, the connection can be eliminated for a stand-alone multiband radio. Powering both the radio board and the Arduino must be with an external 3.3v regulated power supply. Do not try to power them using the USB/serial board, even if it has a 3.3v output pin— these cannot be depended upon to have the capability to provide the necessary current to drive both the Arduino and the Si4844-A10.
Testing the Basic Circuit
Once you have the circuit bread-boarded, the Arduino connected, and the amplified speakers attached, you can run a test program that is included in this article (Si4844_Quick_Test.ino). The program performs a simple test of the circuit that will power up the device, set the band to FM, and provide the chip’s version information. If all goes well, you should be able to tune the radio by turning VR1 and you will see the frequency dynamically displayed on the screen – and, of course, hear the radio output.
Screen capture of the test program
Once the basic circuit and Arduino connections are functional, construction of the full-featured radio can proceed.
Arduino Programming
The Si radio chip in this project is an I2C slave device having a fixed address of 0x11, with the Arduino as the master device. The I2C communication speed of the chip, however, is relatively slow with 50 kHz as the maximum supported speed. Moreover, during a portion of the power up procedure, the speed must not exceed 10 kHz. To meet these requirements, we have to explicitly set the Arduino I2C speed, which is normally too fast for the Si4844-A10. Fortunately, aided by the wealth of documentation on Arduino I2C functions, we can easily accomplish the necessary changes.
Basically, I2C speed, for our purposes, is determined by two dedicated variables in the Arduino software. Those dedicated variables are TWBR and TWSR. Bit 0 and 1 of TWSR control a prescaler that works with the value of TWBR to set the I2C speed. The speed (clock frequency) of the I2C transmissions is calculated by: Frequency = CPU Clock frequency / (16 + (2 * (TWBR) * (Prescaler)). The Arduino Pro mini 3.3v runs at 8 mHz. To set I2C speed to 10 kHz, we use a TWBR value of 98 and we set the prescaler to 4 (by setting only bit 0 of TWSR). Thus, 8,000,000 / (16+(2*98 [TWBR value]*4 [prescaler]))=10,000 or 10 kHz. To set the I2C speed to 50 kHz, we use a TWBR value of 18 and we set the prescaler to 4 (by setting only bit 0 of TWSR). Thus, 8,000,000 / (16+(2*18 [TWBR value]*4 [prescaler]))=50,000 or 50 kHz.
See Nick Gammon’s excellent repository of Arduino I2C information and the Arduino Library documentation for more information on this process. The bottom line, however, is that we can accomplish these I2C speed changes in just a couple of lines of code and you can see those in the test program.
Another important programming consideration is that we need to use an external interrupt service routine in our code. You can read some background on the use of external interrupts here. We use INT0 on the Arduino and, basically, when that pin is set high by the Si4844-A10, the program will execute a simple routine that has been “attached” to the interrupt. All the routine will do is set a flag variable that can be examined and changed in other parts of the code. The Si4844-A10 will issue interrupts (i.e., bring the INT pin high) under certain conditions, most notably when the tuning potentiometer has been changed. Therefore, the Si4844-A10 tells the Arduino that you have moved the tuning knob and that the frequency display should be updated.
Si4844-A10 Programming
Essentially, the Arduino sends the radio chip commands over the I2C bus and the radio chip subsequently replies to the commands by performing the requested action and returning status information. The Si chip can operate in several modes and some make it possible to configure some very detailed radio bands and properties. In this project, we are using the Si4844-A10 chip in a mode that accepts pre-defined or default radio bands with default properties. This mode was chosen because it easily accommodates a great deal of basic functionality while still offering a degree of customization.
Rather than simply setting an AM/FM/SW “register”, the radio chip can be set to one of 41 different frequency bands. Bands 0-19 are FM, 87-109 mHz; bands 20-24 are AM, 504-1750 kHz; bands 25-40 are SW, 5.6-22.0 mHz. The bands, however, do not have simple equal-interval spacing, which might make tuning cumbersome. Instead, the frequency range of many of the bands are the same or differ only slightly, but with differing properties, such as de-emphasis (FM) or channel space (AM), stereo separation (FM) and RSSI thresholds. Consultation with the referenced datasheets and application notes is necessary to completely understand this scheme and you will see some clear tables for the bands as well as all of the modes, programming commands, and the status and reply formats.
In this project, the included software will enable access to all of the default bands as well as controlling basic properties including mode changes (AM/FM/SW), volume, tone, and mute.
Add a Keypad
To control the radio, we need an input device. A simple membrane keyboard as pictured is sufficient for our purposes. These have been around for a while and are easy to interface with an Arduino. While I have illustrated the row and column orientation for the one that I used, you should verify that yours is the same.
Simple membrane keypad
Keypad | Arduino |
---|---|
Row 1 | D8 |
Row 2 | D9 |
Row 3 | D10 |
Row 4 | D11 |
Col 1 | D13 |
Col 2 | D14 |
Col 3 | D15 |
For keypad software, I used the library from Mark Stanley and Alexander Brevig which is released under the GNU General Public License. For the project, we will map functions to the keys as illustrated below.
Keypad mapping for the radio functions
Keypad Function Definitions:
- AM : Switch to AM mode, band 22
- FM : Switch to FM mode, band 8
- SW : Switch to SW mode, band 31
Note that the default bands under the mode changes are configured in software and are easy to modify. Additionally, the current volume and tone values will be carried over in the new mode.
- Vol+ / Vol- : Increase or decrease the volume by one step. There are 64 levels of volume. Because of the use of amplified speakers in the project, these are not so essential but are still nice to have.
- Band+/Band- : Increase or decrease the band by one step, but within the available bands in the current mode.
- B/T+ / B/T- : Increase or decrease the tone by one step. I admit that I am being somewhat liberal in my use of the term “tone”. For the FM mode, this will increase or decrease the bass / treble level from 0 (max bass) to 8 (max treble). For the AM/SW bands, this will set a channel filter from 1-7. The filters are at 1.0 kHz, 1.8 kHz, 2.0 kHz, 2.5 kHz, 2.83 kHz, 4.0 kHz, and 6.0 kHz, respectively. Note also that for simplicity and programming convenience (i.e., laziness), levels of 0/1 and 7/8 can be made in AM/SW mode, but do not differ.
- Mute: Toggles audio output on and off.
Add a Display
With the input device set up, we need to be able to display the settings of the radio. I can think of no better screen to use with this project than one from the old Nokia 5110/3310 cell phones. I had a well-used one of these around (see pictured) and their old-school charm seems particularly appropriate.
Nokia display
There are two important points to consider when interfacing this display. First, there are several varieties of these displays available and they can have different pinouts. You should verify the pin connections on yours to make certain that it is, in fact, a 3.3v device and that it is attached to the Arduino Pro Mini correctly. Second, because all of the I/O on the Arduino used in this project is 3.3v, I did not have to use the dropping resistors that you usually see when these screens are used with 5v flavors of Arduinos, like the UNO.
Display Pin / Function | Arduino / Circuit |
---|---|
1-RST | D3 |
2-CE | D4 |
3-DC | D5 |
4-DIN | D6 |
5-CLK | D7 |
6-VCC | Vcc (3.3v) |
7-LIGHT | GND |
8-GND | GND |
For software, I chose to use the LCD5110_Basic library available under the CreativeCommons license. This library is mature, very easy to use, and fast.
Pictured below is the populated radio display in use:
Radio display in use
Starting from the top left, we display:
Row 1- Mode (AM/FM/SW) and the band number
Row 2- Band frequency range
Row 3- Volume and base/treble levels
Row 4- Current frequency (mHz or kHz)
Row 5- Stereo indicator (FM only) and mute (if on)
Of course, this information is constantly updated to represent changes from tuning or keyboard input.
The Completed Radio
Depicted below is the assembled project on a breadboard – perhaps not as neat as it could be (ok, it’s a mess), but completely functional. Certainly the performance can only improve by a more permanent layout.
The completed radio on a breadboard
The software to run the radio is available for download below. It is liberally commented and is, hopefully, both easy to understand and easy to modify, if desired. The main loop in the software is straightforward. It 1) checks and displays any change in the tuner frequency and 2) checks if a keypress has been made and, if so, executes the appropriate command. The rest of the program consists of all of the supporting functions.
I am very impressed by the reception that the circuit is able to achieve right on the breadboard. FM is very good. AM is good and I am able to get quite a few SW broadcasts. Nevertheless, reception can, undoubtedly, be increased through the use of specialized antennas.
Closing Thoughts
This has been a challenging and enjoyable project. I am definitely impressed by the Si4844-A10 chip. There is a great deal of capability packed into a single chip and that always amazes me. I feel like I have only touched on the possibilities— but, hopefully, this project can serve as a foundation if you are interested in experimenting.
Code
Download the software for the project here:
Give this project a try for yourself! Get the BOM.
You BOM doesn’t specify which parts are SMT and which are through hole. It’s difficult to make out all the detail in your breadboarded circuit photo. There are two boards at the top of the photo each with SMT parts. I’m guessing that they are part of the antenna circuits? Can you please clarify? Also, what crystal did you use for Y1? There’s lots of possible choices. Can you tell me which part number you used (Digikey or Mouser)? Thank you.