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How to Estimate and Enhance the Dynamic Range of a Vector Network Analyzer

How to Estimate and Enhance the Dynamic Range of a Vector Network Analyzer

This article explains how to estimate the dynamic range a vector network analyzer (VNA) needs for a given measurement, then discusses four techniques for boosting the dynamic range to the required level.


Understanding the Significance of Dynamic Range and Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

Understanding the Significance of Dynamic Range and Spurious-Free Dynamic Range

In this article, we investigate two metrics used to characterize the performance of RF test and measurement systems.


Understanding the Inner Workings of Vector Network Analyzers

Understanding the Inner Workings of Vector Network Analyzers

In this article, we explore how the signal source and receivers of a VNA enable its function.


Understanding RF Power Measurement Errors in Directional Couplers

Understanding RF Power Measurement Errors in Directional Couplers

Directional couplers are valuable tools for testing RF systems. However, the finite directivity of these devices can cause measurement uncertainty. Learn more in this article.


Introduction to the Directional Coupler for RF Applications

Introduction to the Directional Coupler for RF Applications

As part of a vector network analyzer (VNA), a directional coupler enables us to characterize a device’s performance by its S-parameters. Read this article to learn more about this important piece of equipment.


A 1939 Audio Oscillator Caught Disney’s Eye—And Helped Launch HP

A 1939 Audio Oscillator Caught Disney’s Eye—And Helped Launch HP

75 years ago, one of the biggest electronics firms of the century got its start in a Palo Alto, California, garage—and it did so with the help of Mickey Mouse.


News Jan 01, 2024 by Duane Benson
SiTime Releases MEMS Oven-Controlled Oscillators as GPS Fail-Safe

SiTime Releases MEMS Oven-Controlled Oscillators as GPS Fail-Safe

This ruggedized version of SiTime's Epoch platform acts as a holdover when GPS signals drop because of inclement weather, spoofing, jamming, or other disruptions. 


News Dec 13, 2023 by Arjun Nijhawan
A Raspberry Pi Pico Controlled Frequency Shift Audio Oscillator:  A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

A Raspberry Pi Pico Controlled Frequency Shift Audio Oscillator:  A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

A PIR sensor detects objects to allow a Raspberry Pi Pico running MicroPython code to adjust the frequency of a Science Fair electronic oscillator circuit with audio output.


Projects Nov 26, 2023 by Don Wilcher
Introduction to Hysteresis: Rate-Dependent and Rate-Independent Hysteresis

Introduction to Hysteresis: Rate-Dependent and Rate-Independent Hysteresis

This article, the second in a series on hysteresis, explains two types of hysteresis found in engineered systems.


ADC Linearity Testing: the Sinusoidal Histogram Method

ADC Linearity Testing: the Sinusoidal Histogram Method

This article explains how to use a histogram test with a sinusoidal input to determine analog-to-digital converter (ADC) parameters, along with the advantages of doing so.


Histogram ADC Testing: The Linear Ramp Histogram Test

Histogram ADC Testing: The Linear Ramp Histogram Test

Histogram testing is the most popular method for determining analog-to-digital converter (ADC) static parameters. In this article, learn the basics of histogram testing and the specifics of how to use a linear ramp histogram test.


SiTime Targets Data Centers and Network Gear With MEMS OXCO Family

SiTime Targets Data Centers and Network Gear With MEMS OXCO Family

Armed with specifications well suited to data center and network infrastructure needs, these new MEMS-based oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OXCOs) ensure robust precision timing.


News Sep 22, 2023 by Jake Hertz
Building a One-Shot Multivibrator with an ESP32 Terminal Display:  A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

Building a One-Shot Multivibrator with an ESP32 Terminal Display:  A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

In this hands-on project, we will update a 1980s version of a one-shot (monostable multivibrator) circuit by giving it a modern, colorful output while also examining the circuit's operation.


Projects Sep 17, 2023 by Don Wilcher
Marveling at MEMS: The New Superheroes of The Silicon World

Marveling at MEMS: The New Superheroes of The Silicon World

Fari Assaderaghi and SiTime are aiming to disrupt the 70-year-old quartz timing industry by replacing crystals with silicon MEMS. After nearly two decades of following “Moore’s Law for timing improvements,” their time may have finally arrived.


Analyzing Oscillator Frequency in an LTspice Negative Voltage Charge Pump

Analyzing Oscillator Frequency in an LTspice Negative Voltage Charge Pump

Continuing our in-depth look at a simple SPICE circuit that can generate a negative supply voltage, we’ll consider the effect of oscillator frequency on the system’s performance parameters.


Improving ADC SFDR Using Dithering for Communication System Applications

Improving ADC SFDR Using Dithering for Communication System Applications

Learn more about dithering, namely improving the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that exhibits differential nonlinearity (DNL) errors.


The Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator Is Finally Ready for Space

The Microcomputer Compensated Crystal Oscillator Is Finally Ready for Space

The latest advances in radiation-hardened digital components have enabled the development of MCXOs that, for the first time, can replace larger, high-power-consuming OCXOs in low-earth orbit (LEO) New Space applications.


Understanding Limitations to Increasing SFDR in High-speed ADCs

Understanding Limitations to Increasing SFDR in High-speed ADCs

Learn about two nonlinearity sources, spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR), and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).


Flux Adds AI Design Assistant to Its Browser-based PCB Design Tool

Flux Adds AI Design Assistant to Its Browser-based PCB Design Tool

Flux is launching an integrated AI-powered “chatbot-like” design assistant that’s integrated into its web-based online PCB design tool.


News Apr 27, 2023 by Jeff Child
SiTime Unveils Precision Timing ICs to Meet In-Car Connectivity Needs

SiTime Unveils Precision Timing ICs to Meet In-Car Connectivity Needs

With car designs getting ever more advanced, timing ICs are playing a big role. SiTime’s new devices aim to meet the special challenges of automotive timing.


News Apr 22, 2023 by Jeff Child