Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise…
Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.
Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1%…
Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1% source/sink thresholds and onboard fault diagnostics.
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier…
This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.
This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel…
This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel into 4-ohm speakers using STMicroelectronics' STA540 audio amplifier IC.
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the…
Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the exact output signal power for a sinusoidal message.
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM…
Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.
Build an ultra-low-noise preamplifier with a JFE150 JFET and OPA202 op-amp, perfect for high-impedance sensors,…
Build an ultra-low-noise preamplifier with a JFE150 JFET and OPA202 op-amp, perfect for high-impedance sensors, hydrophones, guitar pickups, microphones, and turntables.
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then…
Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how…
Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.
Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter…
Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter for precise tuning.
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband…
In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.
In this article, we explore when to choose a Class AB or Class D output stage for your piezo amplifier design. We'll also…
In this article, we explore when to choose a Class AB or Class D output stage for your piezo amplifier design. We'll also examine the Class D stage's power supply requirements.
Developed in the mid-1970s, National Semi’s LM386 collapsed a complete audio output stage into a single DIP-8 package…
Developed in the mid-1970s, National Semi’s LM386 collapsed a complete audio output stage into a single DIP-8 package running off a 9-V battery—and it became the first amplifier most hobbyists ever built.
The dual operational amplifier offers 20-µV precision across a wide 36-V supply range, eliminating the need for complex…
The dual operational amplifier offers 20-µV precision across a wide 36-V supply range, eliminating the need for complex compensation in industrial and automotive signal chains.
In this article, we explore the operation of a Class D stage with a capacitive load and how it can be used in piezo…
In this article, we explore the operation of a Class D stage with a capacitive load and how it can be used in piezo amplifier design.
We examine the basic requirements of piezoelectric amplifiers and how Class AB operation can meet them.
We examine the basic requirements of piezoelectric amplifiers and how Class AB operation can meet them.
The new CMOS op amps combine low offset voltage, low noise, and 10-V/μs slew rate for flexible precision design.
The new CMOS op amps combine low offset voltage, low noise, and 10-V/μs slew rate for flexible precision design.
This article explores the operation of the Gilbert-cell phase detector for both small and large signals.
This article explores the operation of the Gilbert-cell phase detector for both small and large signals.
This project turns old-school analog ammeters into a working clock that can also display the ambient temperature.
This project turns old-school analog ammeters into a working clock that can also display the ambient temperature.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.
This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.