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SNR Analysis of FM Modulation with Arbitrary Message Signals

SNR Analysis of FM Modulation with Arbitrary Message Signals

Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.


A 500 mA Power Op Amp Breakout Board With Precision Current Limiting

A 500 mA Power Op Amp Breakout Board With Precision Current Limiting

Safely drive up to ±500 mA into reactive loads. This compact module employs the LT1970A and offers independent 1% source/sink thresholds and onboard fault diagnostics.


Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 2

Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 2

This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.


A Dual 38W Power Amplifier: A Compact STA540-Based Stereo Audio Board

A Dual 38W Power Amplifier: A Compact STA540-Based Stereo Audio Board

This project brief describes how to build a compact dual-channel power amplifier module that delivers 38 W per channel into 4-ohm speakers using STMicroelectronics' STA540 audio amplifier IC.


Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 1

Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 1

Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the exact output signal power for a sinusoidal message.


Understanding the Noise Performance of AM Receivers with Envelope Detection

Understanding the Noise Performance of AM Receivers with Envelope Detection

Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.


An Ultra-Low-Noise Pre-Amp For Audio Applications

An Ultra-Low-Noise Pre-Amp For Audio Applications

Build an ultra-low-noise preamplifier with a JFE150 JFET and OPA202 op-amp, perfect for high-impedance sensors, hydrophones, guitar pickups, microphones, and turntables.


Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.


Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.


Designing a Tuneable Ultrasonic Filter

Designing a Tuneable Ultrasonic Filter

Learn how to build a constant-bandwidth band-pass filter covering 20 kHz to 60 kHz, with an integrated frequency counter for precise tuning.


Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.


Class AB vs. Class D: Understanding the Trade-Offs for Piezo Driver Design

Class AB vs. Class D: Understanding the Trade-Offs for Piezo Driver Design

In this article, we explore when to choose a Class AB or Class D output stage for your piezo amplifier design. We'll also examine the Class D stage's power supply requirements.


The LM386: How National Semiconductor Put a Speaker Amplifier in Eight Pins

The LM386: How National Semiconductor Put a Speaker Amplifier in Eight Pins

Developed in the mid-1970s, National Semi’s LM386 collapsed a complete audio output stage into a single DIP-8 package running off a 9-V battery—and it became the first amplifier most hobbyists ever built.


News May 08, 2026 by Luke James
ST’s New High-Precision Op Amp Takes Aim at the 4 V to 36 V Range

ST’s New High-Precision Op Amp Takes Aim at the 4 V to 36 V Range

The dual operational amplifier offers 20-µV precision across a wide 36-V supply range, eliminating the need for complex compensation in industrial and automotive signal chains.


News May 01, 2026 by Jake Hertz
Design and Performance of the Class D Output Stage for Piezo Drivers

Design and Performance of the Class D Output Stage for Piezo Drivers

In this article, we explore the operation of a Class D stage with a capacitive load and how it can be used in piezo amplifier design.


Evaluating the Class AB Output Stage for Piezo Driver Design

Evaluating the Class AB Output Stage for Piezo Driver Design

We examine the basic requirements of piezoelectric amplifiers and how Class AB operation can meet them.


Rohm Shoots Out 17 New Op Amps to Its High-Performance Portfolio

Rohm Shoots Out 17 New Op Amps to Its High-Performance Portfolio

The new CMOS op amps combine low offset voltage, low noise, and 10-V/μs slew rate for flexible precision design.


News Apr 09, 2026 by Joshua Tidwell
Using Gilbert Multipliers as Phase Detectors in PLLs

Using Gilbert Multipliers as Phase Detectors in PLLs

This article explores the operation of the Gilbert-cell phase detector for both small and large signals.


Build Your Own Clock With Analog Dials, Part 1

Build Your Own Clock With Analog Dials, Part 1

This project turns old-school analog ammeters into a working clock that can also display the ambient temperature.


Introduction to the Gilbert Multiplier

Introduction to the Gilbert Multiplier

This article explores the Gilbert cell, a widely used analog multiplier circuit.