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SNR Analysis of FM Modulation with Arbitrary Message Signals

SNR Analysis of FM Modulation with Arbitrary Message Signals

Deriving a general signal-to-noise expression for frequency modulation with any message signal reveals a core trade-off: more deviation buys better noise performance, but only by using more bandwidth.


Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 2

Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 2

This article explores how combining signal and noise power reveals how the FM system’s output SNR scales with carrier amplitude and modulation index.


Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 1

Understanding Noise in FM Systems: The Tone-Modulated Scenario, Part 1

Explore how frequency-modulated waves resist interference. We break down the demodulator architecture and derive the exact output signal power for a sinusoidal message.


Understanding the Noise Performance of AM Receivers with Envelope Detection

Understanding the Noise Performance of AM Receivers with Envelope Detection

Envelope detection is simple, but that simplicity has a noise-performance cost. Here’s how much SNR conventional AM gives up compared to its coherent counterparts.


Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Analyzing the Noise Performance of Coherent SSB Demodulators

Using a graphical approach, we show that coherent SSB demodulation leaves the input and output SNR unchanged, then compare its noise performance to DSB-SC and baseband systems.


A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Receiver Module

A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Receiver Module

This project brief describes how to build and use a four-channel differential line receiver module for balanced RS-422 and RS-485 data links.


Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Understanding SNR in DSB‑SC Coherent Detection: A Graphical Approach

Visualizing how correlated and uncorrelated signals combine offers an intuitive look at power transformation. See how this difference boosts baseband power to double the output SNR.


A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Driver Module

A Four-Channel RS-422 Differential Line Driver Module

This project brief describes how to implement a four-channel differential line driver module for reliable long-distance data transmission over balanced twisted-pair lines.


Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

Evaluating the Noise Performance of Coherent DSB‑SC Demodulators

In this article, we'll learn how to calculate the noise power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a double-sideband suppressed-carrier communication system.


Thread Group and Broadband Forum Unite for End-to-End IoT Interoperability

Thread Group and Broadband Forum Unite for End-to-End IoT Interoperability

Thread Group and Broadband Forum are partnering to unify IoT mesh with broadband infrastructure. Also, the new Thread Tools app launches to provide real-world network diagnostics for engineers.


News Jun 17, 2026 by Jeff Child
Sensing at the Control Level: Leveraging Data for Both Safety and Analytics

Sensing at the Control Level: Leveraging Data for Both Safety and Analytics

Kate Sokolnicki, Global Business Director for Sensing & Safety at Rockwell Automation, discusses the evolution of industrial sensing and the shift toward data-driven manufacturing.


Edge AI Development Is a Lifecycle Problem

Edge AI Development Is a Lifecycle Problem

Edge AI success is limited by memory and power. Fragmented tools cause failures. Learn how a cohesive, full-lifecycle approach unifying design and deployment is essential for scalable systems.


Preventing Runt Pulses in Phase/Frequency Detectors

Preventing Runt Pulses in Phase/Frequency Detectors

This article explains the importance of incorporating delay into the feedback path of a phase/frequency detector (PFD) and examines its effect on performance.


Introduction to Phase/Frequency Detectors

Introduction to Phase/Frequency Detectors

Learn how using a phase/frequency detector (PFD) in place of a phase detector improves the acquisition range of a PLL.


Synaptics Redefines Edge IoT with ‘First AI-Native Wi-Fi 7 Connectivity Solution for IoT’

Synaptics Redefines Edge IoT with ‘First AI-Native Wi-Fi 7 Connectivity Solution for IoT’

Announced today at Embedded World, Synaptics claims the SYN765x as the first industry's first AI Native Wi-Fi 7 solution developed specifically for the IoT. It provides Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 6.0, and 802.15.4 connectivity and features a Cortex-M52 and Ethos-U55 NPU.


News Mar 10, 2026 by Jake Hertz
Foundations for PLL Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling the Phase Detector and VCO

Foundations for PLL Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling the Phase Detector and VCO

The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we develop a nonlinear model for the analog PLL by analyzing its key components.


Introduction to Wideband FM Signals

Introduction to Wideband FM Signals

Learn how Bessel functions and the modulation index can help us understand the bandwidth of wideband frequency-modulated (FM) signals.


Dynamic Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers: Insights From Two-Tone Testing

Dynamic Nonlinearity in RF Power Amplifiers: Insights From Two-Tone Testing

This article explores the effect of signal bandwidth on the linearity of power amplifiers, including the impacts of cascaded RF gain stages.


Practical Insights Into Narrowband FM With a Single-Frequency Input

Practical Insights Into Narrowband FM With a Single-Frequency Input

In this article, we’ll use phasor diagrams to compare narrowband FM and conventional AM. We’ll also discuss the problem of oscillator phase noise and work through an example problem.


Introduction to Narrowband Angle Modulation

Introduction to Narrowband Angle Modulation

Using a simple example, this article examines the frequency spectra of frequency-modulated (FM) and phase-modulated (PM) waves for a low modulation index.