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Foundations for PLL Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling the Phase Detector and VCO

Foundations for PLL Nonlinear Analysis: Modeling the Phase Detector and VCO

The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we develop a nonlinear model for the analog PLL by analyzing its key components.


3 New Capacitors Target Automotive, Aerospace, and High-Voltage Designs

3 New Capacitors Target Automotive, Aerospace, and High-Voltage Designs

TDK, Kyocera AVX, and Vishay are rolling out new capacitors with durability and efficiency in mind.


News Nov 05, 2025 by Joshua Tidwell
A New Generation of RF Switches at the Heart of 5G Systems

A New Generation of RF Switches at the Heart of 5G Systems

Learn how advanced RF MEMS switches with high linearity, low loss, and fast switching speeds are enabling modern cellular communication systems.


FM Demodulation Using a Phase-Locked Loop

FM Demodulation Using a Phase-Locked Loop

PLL demodulators are popular, easy to implement, and offer superior noise performance compared to many other FM demodulator circuits. Learn how they operate in this article.


Basic Principles and Implementation of the Quadrature FM Demodulator

Basic Principles and Implementation of the Quadrature FM Demodulator

Learn how an analog multiplier or AND gate can function as a quadrature detector for FM demodulation.


FM-to-AM Conversion Using the Foster-Seeley Discriminator

FM-to-AM Conversion Using the Foster-Seeley Discriminator

Learn how the Foster-Seeley discriminator, a classic analog circuit for FM demodulation, achieves its superior linearity.


Spectrum Instrumentation Unveils Flagship Multi-Channel GHz Digitizers

Spectrum Instrumentation Unveils Flagship Multi-Channel GHz Digitizers

The new DN6.33x series offers up to 12 synchronized channels with sampling rates as high as 10 GS/s.


News Oct 14, 2025 by Jake Hertz
Understanding Slope Detectors for FM Demodulation

Understanding Slope Detectors for FM Demodulation

In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced discriminator and how it provides improved linearity across a wider bandwidth.


Introduction to Frequency Discriminators for FM Demodulation

Introduction to Frequency Discriminators for FM Demodulation

In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a differentiator.


Harwin Kona 8.5mm-Pitch High-Reliability Power Connectors | New Product Brief

Harwin Kona 8.5mm-Pitch High-Reliability Power Connectors | New Product Brief

Harwin Kona 8.5mm-Pitch High-Reliability Power Connectors deliver 60A of secure, durable power in extreme conditions. Watch and learn all about their features, specs, applications, and more!


Positronic X-Hood Precision-Machined One-Piece Banded Backshells | New Product Brief

Positronic X-Hood Precision-Machined One-Piece Banded Backshells | New Product Brief

Positronic X-Hood Precision-Machined One-Piece Banded Backshells deliver durability, EMI protection, and reliable performance in demanding environments. Watch and learn all about their features, specs, applications, and more!


Building Resilient Systems with Trompeter Space-Rated Connectors | Tech Guide

Building Resilient Systems with Trompeter Space-Rated Connectors | Tech Guide

Building Resilient Systems with Trompeter Space-Rated Connectors are engineered for mission-critical aerospace applications, delivering reliability under extreme conditions such as vacuum, radiation, vibration, and temperature extremes. Watch now to get started!


At Its Innovators Day Event, Altera Unveils Expanded Agilex FPGA Portfolio

At Its Innovators Day Event, Altera Unveils Expanded Agilex FPGA Portfolio

Today, the FPGA company revealed an array of new announcements at its annual Altera Innovators Day developer conference.


News Sep 30, 2025 by Jake Hertz
FM Generation Techniques: Solved Examples

FM Generation Techniques: Solved Examples

In this article, we'll solidify our understanding of the reactance modulator and Armstrong modulator circuits by working through a series of design problems.


Designing UWB Antennas for Angle of Arrival Applications

Designing UWB Antennas for Angle of Arrival Applications

Learn what makes Ultra-Wideband (UWB) unique, what makes it useful, and how to address the design challenges it presents.


Armstrong’s Method of FM Generation

Armstrong’s Method of FM Generation

This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.


Using Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis to Uncover Hidden Timing Couplings

Using Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis to Uncover Hidden Timing Couplings

Learn about "hidden" timing couplings in multicore systems that cause unexpected interference, significantly impacting Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) even for independent tasks.


Understanding Varactor and PLL-Based FM Generation Using Crystal Oscillators

Understanding Varactor and PLL-Based FM Generation Using Crystal Oscillators

In this article, we examine two different methods of producing wideband FM signals. Both use crystal oscillators to provide improved frequency stability.


Microchip Specializes GNSS Disciplined Oscillator Modules for Defense

Microchip Specializes GNSS Disciplined Oscillator Modules for Defense

The new timing solutions bring precise synchronization to harsh or signal-denied environments.


News Sep 08, 2025 by Jake Hertz
Improving the Frequency Deviation and Stability of a Direct FM Generator

Improving the Frequency Deviation and Stability of a Direct FM Generator

In this article, we explore the limitations of LC oscillators for direct FM generation and how to deal with them using multipliers and automatic frequency control (AFC) circuits.