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Using a Supervisory Circuit to Turn a Conventional SRAM into Fast Non-Volatile Memory

Using a Supervisory Circuit to Turn a Conventional SRAM into Fast Non-Volatile Memory

How can you build a fast non-volatile memory from a conventional SRAM? It turns out, you only need a back-up battery and some control circuitry.


Designing I/O Drivers for Integrated Circuit I2C Modules

Designing I/O Drivers for Integrated Circuit I2C Modules

This article discusses designing input/output drivers for integrated circuit I2C modules.


What Is the Fourier Transform?

What Is the Fourier Transform?

This article gives you essential information on a mathematical technique that plays an absolutely fundamental role in system design and signal processing.


The Nyquist–Shannon Theorem: Understanding Sampled Systems

The Nyquist–Shannon Theorem: Understanding Sampled Systems

The Nyquist sampling theorem, or more accurately the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, is a fundamental theoretical principle that governs the design of mixed-signal electronic systems.


An Engineer’s Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation

An Engineer’s Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation

Learn about the basics of mechanical ventilation in terms of subsystems, control loops, and algorithms.


Introduction to Image Sensor Technology, from Photons to Electrons

Introduction to Image Sensor Technology, from Photons to Electrons

This article, the first in a series, discusses light-sensitive electronic devices called photodiodes and compares CCD and CMOS sensors.


What Is a Hardware Description Language (HDL)?

What Is a Hardware Description Language (HDL)?

This FEQ (or Frequent Engineering Question) covers the basics of a crucial topic: hardware description languages.


Low-Pin-Count Serial Communication: Introduction to the 1-Wire Bus

Low-Pin-Count Serial Communication: Introduction to the 1-Wire Bus

The 1-wire bus, though not as widespread as other protocols, is a valuable communication technique for certain applications.


Introduction to Histogram Equalization

Introduction to Histogram Equalization

How can digital signal processing help you equalize histograms for digital photography? Learn more here.


Introduction to the I2S Interface

Introduction to the I2S Interface

This article discusses the characteristics and applications of a serial communication protocol intended specifically for audio systems.


Image Arithmetic in DSP: Image Averaging and Image Subtraction

Image Arithmetic in DSP: Image Averaging and Image Subtraction

Learn how to employ arithmetic operations on images as a way to enhance image quality, detect changes, and reduce noise.


Watchdog Timers in Microcontrollers

Watchdog Timers in Microcontrollers

This article is the fourth of a series on microcontroller timers which discusses internal watchdogs.


 Real Time Clocks (RTCs) in Microcontroller Timers

Real Time Clocks (RTCs) in Microcontroller Timers

This article is the third of a series on microcontroller timers which describes the RTCs inside a microcontroller.


Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) Timers in Microcontrollers

Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) Timers in Microcontrollers

This article is the second of a series on microcontroller timers. This article describes a more complex timer called the PWM or pulse-width modulation timer.


Understanding Local Minima in Neural-Network Training

Understanding Local Minima in Neural-Network Training

This article discusses a complication that can prevent your Perceptron from achieving adequate classification accuracy.


Incorporating Bias Nodes Into Your Neural Network

Incorporating Bias Nodes Into Your Neural Network

This article shows you how to add bias values to a multilayer Perceptron implemented in a high-level programming language such as Python.


How to Increase the Accuracy of a Hidden Layer Neural Network

How to Increase the Accuracy of a Hidden Layer Neural Network

In this article, we’ll perform some classification experiments and gather data on the relationship between hidden-layer dimensionality and network performance.


How Many Hidden Layers and Hidden Nodes Does a Neural Network Need?

How Many Hidden Layers and Hidden Nodes Does a Neural Network Need?

This article provides guidelines for configuring the hidden portion of a multilayer Perceptron.


Training Datasets for Neural Networks: How to Train and Validate a Python Neural Network

Training Datasets for Neural Networks: How to Train and Validate a Python Neural Network

In this article, we’ll use Excel-generated samples to train a multilayer Perceptron, and then we’ll see how the network performs with validation samples.


Introduction to Microcontroller Timers: Periodic Timers

Introduction to Microcontroller Timers: Periodic Timers

This article, the first in a series on “timer/counter” functions in microcontrollers, discusses periodic timers.