In Bluetooth LE (BLE), security is a multifaceted beast. Learn the three main security modes of BLE, along with five critical BLE security procedures.
In Bluetooth LE (BLE), security is a multifaceted beast. Learn the three main security modes of BLE, along with five critical BLE security procedures.
Understanding the causes of attenuation in a transmission line can help us choose the right solutions for our…
Understanding the causes of attenuation in a transmission line can help us choose the right solutions for our application. In this article, we’ll learn about attenuation caused by conductor loss and dielectric loss.
Understanding the effect of dielectrics on transmission lines is an important aspect of many high frequency system…
Understanding the effect of dielectrics on transmission lines is an important aspect of many high frequency system designs. This article will introduce concepts like relative permittivity and loss tangent and describe how they affect the performance of transmission lines.
The distribution of AC currents in real conductors with finite dimensions and circular or rectangular cross-sections is…
The distribution of AC currents in real conductors with finite dimensions and circular or rectangular cross-sections is non-uniform. This article will discuss Faraday's law and how AC currents create eddy currents and current crowding in real conductors.
Learn the roles of the three security keys in Bluetooth LE—Long Term Key (LTK), Connection Signature Resolving Key…
Learn the roles of the three security keys in Bluetooth LE—Long Term Key (LTK), Connection Signature Resolving Key (CSRK), and Identity Resolving Key (IRK).
The Y-factor method simplifies noise figure measurements by allowing the use of variable attenuators in place of a…
The Y-factor method simplifies noise figure measurements by allowing the use of variable attenuators in place of a calibrated power meter. In addition to defining the Y factor, we will discuss noise source uncertainty and fixturing losses that can introduce errors in your noise figure measurements.
This article introduces high-frequency conductor losses in transmission lines caused by a phenomenon known as the skin effect.
This article introduces high-frequency conductor losses in transmission lines caused by a phenomenon known as the skin effect.
To understand known vulnerabilities and attacks on Bluetooth LE devices, we review some studies from the past 4+ years.
To understand known vulnerabilities and attacks on Bluetooth LE devices, we review some studies from the past 4+ years.
This article will help you understand losses in high-frequency transmission lines that include traces on PCBs. We will…
This article will help you understand losses in high-frequency transmission lines that include traces on PCBs. We will also investigate how these losses impact signal propagation and the quality of digital signals.
Understanding PCB material parameters such as relative permittivity and loss tangent allows us to discuss some important…
Understanding PCB material parameters such as relative permittivity and loss tangent allows us to discuss some important considerations for choosing the right material when designing a high-speed/high-frequency application.
The Y-factor method is a widely used technique for measuring the gain and noise figure (NF) of RF components. This…
The Y-factor method is a widely used technique for measuring the gain and noise figure (NF) of RF components. This article will help you understand the differences between the insertion gain and the available gain, while avoiding potentially significant errors when measuring the noise figure.
Learn about Bluetooth LE's security features and tools, how to use them, and understand how they keep connections secure.
Learn about Bluetooth LE's security features and tools, how to use them, and understand how they keep connections secure.
Explore the seven states of the Bluetooth LE radio, how the link layer state machine manages the LE radio, and the roles…
Explore the seven states of the Bluetooth LE radio, how the link layer state machine manages the LE radio, and the roles of these states in wireless communication.
Learn about measuring the noise figure (NF) using the Y factor method. We'll dive into using this to find the noise…
Learn about measuring the noise figure (NF) using the Y factor method. We'll dive into using this to find the noise factor, how to calibrate for noise temperature, and much more.
Learn another way to characterize RF noise components using noise temperature and how this concept clears up how noise…
Learn another way to characterize RF noise components using noise temperature and how this concept clears up how noise figure measurement instruments actually work.
Take a closer look at the definition of the RF noise figure and discuss some subtleties to help avoid erroneous…
Take a closer look at the definition of the RF noise figure and discuss some subtleties to help avoid erroneous interpretations of this specification.
Learn about impedance matching using a single stub, transmission lines, and immittance Smith chart examples.
Learn about impedance matching using a single stub, transmission lines, and immittance Smith chart examples.
Learn about slot antennas, namely their history, characteristics, and electromagnetic (EM) behavior for low-voltage,…
Learn about slot antennas, namely their history, characteristics, and electromagnetic (EM) behavior for low-voltage, small-form-factor electronic devices.
Learn about l-type impedance matching equations through the quality factor (Q factor) of RC and RL circuits and the…
Learn about l-type impedance matching equations through the quality factor (Q factor) of RC and RL circuits and the series-parallel conversion of these circuits.l-
Learn more about L-sections and impedance matching by designing T and Pi matching networks using a Smith chart.
Learn more about L-sections and impedance matching by designing T and Pi matching networks using a Smith chart.
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