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Classification of Signals used in Electrical Engineering

Classification of Signals used in Electrical Engineering

Classifying signals is a way to organize the signals that surround us. It focuses design, testing requirements, measurement tools, and expected results. There are many ways to classify signals!


PWM Digital-to-Analog Conversion with the SAM4S Xplained Pro

PWM Digital-to-Analog Conversion with the SAM4S Xplained Pro

In this article we’ll use the SAM4S Xplained Pro development platform to get some hands-on experience with a PWM DAC.


Projects Apr 19, 2016 by Robert Keim
Reading Analog Values and PWM with LabVIEW FPGA

Reading Analog Values and PWM with LabVIEW FPGA

Learn LabVIEW FPGA by programming the on-board Xilinx FPGA of the student-focused embedded device NI myRIO.


How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 4

How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 4

If you choose to buffer with MOSFETs instead of BJTs, you need to consider the relationship between gate capacitance and instability.


How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 2

How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 2

In this article, we will look at two variations on the basic BJT current-buffering circuit.


How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 1

How to Buffer an Op-Amp Output for Higher Current, Part 1

Op-amps become even more versatile if you can use them in high-current applications. In this article, we will look at a basic current-buffering circuit.


Embedded PID Temperature Control, Part 1: The Circuit

Embedded PID Temperature Control, Part 1: The Circuit

Invoke the power of the PID (proportional–integral–derivative controller)! The key components in this design are an EFM8 microcontroller, a DAC, and the MAX31855 thermocouple-to-digital converter.


Projects Feb 01, 2016 by Robert Keim
A Breakdown of Class D Amplifiers

A Breakdown of Class D Amplifiers

Ever wanted to find out more about Class D amplification? Here's a handy breakdown.


Negative Feedback, Part 10: Stability in the Time Domain

Negative Feedback, Part 10: Stability in the Time Domain

The transient response of a negative-feedback amplifier can help us to understand the nature of stability and convey useful information about the stability characteristics of a particular circuit.


Negative Feedback, Part 9: Breaking the Loop

Negative Feedback, Part 9: Breaking the Loop

A simple “break-the-feedback-loop” simulation technique makes for convenient stability analysis, especially with complex circuits.


Negative Feedback, Part 8: Analyzing Transimpedance Amplifier Stability

Negative Feedback, Part 8: Analyzing Transimpedance Amplifier Stability

The techniques discussed in previous articles can help us to understand and remedy stability problems observed in a common circuit used to amplify photodiode signals.


Negative Feedback, Part 7: Frequency-Dependent Feedback

Negative Feedback, Part 7: Frequency-Dependent Feedback

This article will help you to understand why the frequency response of a feedback network can seriously, and sometimes unexpectedly, degrade stability.


Negative Feedback, Part 6: New and Improved Stability Analysis

Negative Feedback, Part 6: New and Improved Stability Analysis

This article will show you a handy alternative approach to assessing stability via open-loop gain and the feedback factor.


Negative Feedback, Part 5: Gain Margin and Phase Margin

Negative Feedback, Part 5: Gain Margin and Phase Margin

How to use frequency-domain simulations to analyze loop gain and evaluate the stability of your amplifier circuit. We need a way to determine whether a circuit is sufficiently stable—in other words, stable enough to ensure that the circuit will perform properly despite part-to-part variations and environmental or operational conditions that affect the characteristics of the open-loop gain or the feedback network. There is where gain margin and phase margin come into play.


Negative Feedback, Part 4: Introduction to Stability

Negative Feedback, Part 4: Introduction to Stability

Why are negative-feedback amplifiers susceptible to oscillation? What is the fundamental criterion for stability? Let’s find out.


Negative Feedback Part 3: Improving Noise, Linearity, and Impedance

Negative Feedback Part 3: Improving Noise, Linearity, and Impedance

Use negative feedback to increase your amplifier’s signal-to-noise ratio, reduce its nonlinear distortion, and improve its input- and output-impedance characteristics.


Negative Feedback, Part 2: Improving Gain Sensitivity and Bandwidth

Negative Feedback, Part 2: Improving Gain Sensitivity and Bandwidth

Having introduced the general negative feedback structure, we will now demonstrate that negative feedback has a beneficial effect on two important characteristics of amplifier circuits.


Negative Feedback, Part 1: General Structure and Essential Concepts

Negative Feedback, Part 1: General Structure and Essential Concepts

This article, the first in a series, will introduce you to the fundamental concepts required for understanding and analyzing negative feedback amplifiers.


EFM8 Sound Synthesizer: Driving the Speaker

EFM8 Sound Synthesizer: Driving the Speaker

Part 2 in the “How to Make an EFM8-Based Sound Synthesizer” series.


Projects Sep 11, 2015 by Robert Keim
More First Order Opamp Circuits - Differentiators

More First Order Opamp Circuits - Differentiators

All of our previous circuits dealt with opamps using resistors in the feedback loop. What happens when we start swapping out resistors for other passive components?