In this article, we'll use a nonlinear mathematical model to improve our understanding of how a first-order PLL locks to a signal.
In this article, we'll use a nonlinear mathematical model to improve our understanding of how a first-order PLL locks to a signal.
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we…
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used in contemporary analog and digital communication systems. In this article, we develop a nonlinear model for the analog PLL by analyzing its key components.
YAGEO CE X5R Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors deliver high-density capacitance in a compact, embedded form factor tailored…
YAGEO CE X5R Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors deliver high-density capacitance in a compact, embedded form factor tailored for advanced module integration. Watch and learn all about their features, specs, applications, and more!
PLL demodulators are popular, easy to implement, and offer superior noise performance compared to many other FM…
PLL demodulators are popular, easy to implement, and offer superior noise performance compared to many other FM demodulator circuits. Learn how they operate in this article.
Learn how an analog multiplier or AND gate can function as a quadrature detector for FM demodulation.
Learn how an analog multiplier or AND gate can function as a quadrature detector for FM demodulation.
Learn how the Foster-Seeley discriminator, a classic analog circuit for FM demodulation, achieves its superior linearity.
Learn how the Foster-Seeley discriminator, a classic analog circuit for FM demodulation, achieves its superior linearity.
In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced…
In this article, we'll analyze the single-tuned discriminator for FM-to-AM conversion. We'll then discuss the balanced discriminator and how it provides improved linearity across a wider bandwidth.
In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a…
In this article, we will examine the basic principles of FM demodulation through the simplest frequency discriminator: a differentiator.
In this article, we'll solidify our understanding of the reactance modulator and Armstrong modulator circuits by working…
In this article, we'll solidify our understanding of the reactance modulator and Armstrong modulator circuits by working through a series of design problems.
This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.
This article explores the concept of indirect FM generation and the basic operation of the Armstrong modulator.
In this article, we examine two different methods of producing wideband FM signals. Both use crystal oscillators to…
In this article, we examine two different methods of producing wideband FM signals. Both use crystal oscillators to provide improved frequency stability.
In this article, we explore the limitations of LC oscillators for direct FM generation and how to deal with them using…
In this article, we explore the limitations of LC oscillators for direct FM generation and how to deal with them using multipliers and automatic frequency control (AFC) circuits.
Learn how a varactor diode's variable capacitance, together with an LC tank circuit, can drive a voltage-controlled…
Learn how a varactor diode's variable capacitance, together with an LC tank circuit, can drive a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to create FM waveforms.
In this article, we examine a reactance modulator design that employs the variable capacitance of a bipolar junction…
In this article, we examine a reactance modulator design that employs the variable capacitance of a bipolar junction transistor to modulate the output of a Colpitts oscillator.
In this article, we'll introduce the fundamental concepts of direct FM generation and examine a key FM modulation…
In this article, we'll introduce the fundamental concepts of direct FM generation and examine a key FM modulation circuit: the reactance modulator.
In this article, we'll illustrate the usefulness of Carson's rule for bandwidth estimation by working through a series of…
In this article, we'll illustrate the usefulness of Carson's rule for bandwidth estimation by working through a series of example problems.
In this article, we'll investigate how varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulating tone impacts the bandwidth…
In this article, we'll investigate how varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulating tone impacts the bandwidth of FM signals. We'll also compare the modulation index in AM and FM schemes.
Along with introducing Carson's rule for bandwidth estimation, this article explains how to calculate the required…
Along with introducing Carson's rule for bandwidth estimation, this article explains how to calculate the required transmission bandwidth based on either the sidebands or the total power of the signal.
In this article, we’ll learn about the essential properties of Bessel functions and what they can tell us about the…
In this article, we’ll learn about the essential properties of Bessel functions and what they can tell us about the bandwidth of practical FM signals.
Learn how Bessel functions and the modulation index can help us understand the bandwidth of wideband frequency-modulated…
Learn how Bessel functions and the modulation index can help us understand the bandwidth of wideband frequency-modulated (FM) signals.
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