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Introduction to Phototransistors

Introduction to Phototransistors

In this series of articles, we’ll explore higher-output-current alternatives to photodiodes.


Reducing Second Harmonic Distortion with Symmetrical PCB Layout

Reducing Second Harmonic Distortion with Symmetrical PCB Layout

Need a low-distortion ADC interface? In this article, we'll discuss how to reduce 2nd harmonic distortion by using symmetric PCB layout.


Tips for Achieving Low-Frequency Precision and Improved Bandwidth in Photodiode Circuits

Tips for Achieving Low-Frequency Precision and Improved Bandwidth in Photodiode Circuits

This article continues our discussion of design techniques that help us to improve the performance of transimpedance amplifiers.


Understanding Photovoltaic and Photoconductive Modes of Photodiode Operation

Understanding Photovoltaic and Photoconductive Modes of Photodiode Operation

In this article, we’ll look at advantages of two types of photodiode implementation.


Construction of a Guitar Amplifier

Construction of a Guitar Amplifier

This article explains the theory and the construction of the circuit of a 10W practice guitar amplifier.


What Is a Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GFET)? Construction, Benefits, and Challenges

What Is a Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GFET)? Construction, Benefits, and Challenges

Learn all about graphene field-effect transistors or GFETs. We'll cover their construction, as well as the benefits and challenges of designing with them.


Simulating an Op-Amp’s Offset Voltage Variation

Simulating an Op-Amp’s Offset Voltage Variation

In this article, we’ll create an LTspice circuit for analyzing the effect of unpredictable offset voltage on the performance of a precision current-source circuit.


How to Design a Precision Current Pump with Op-Amps

How to Design a Precision Current Pump with Op-Amps

This article discusses a voltage-controlled current-source circuit that requires only two op-amps and a handful of resistors.


Non-Idealities in VLSI Circuits

Non-Idealities in VLSI Circuits

This article discusses VLSI (very-large-scale integration) circuits and the sources of non-idealities that affect MOS transistors.


How Standard Deviation Relates to Root-Mean-Square Values

How Standard Deviation Relates to Root-Mean-Square Values

This article explores an interesting connection between an important statistical measure and one of the fundamental analytical tools of electrical engineering.


Understanding Types of Lock-In Amplifiers and Related Noise Sources

Understanding Types of Lock-In Amplifiers and Related Noise Sources

This article is a general guideline on the main aspects of commercially-available amplifiers.


Basic Fundamentals of Lock-In Amplifiers

Basic Fundamentals of Lock-In Amplifiers

This article discusses the theory fundamentals of lock-in amplifiers.


What Is Dynamic Range?

What Is Dynamic Range?

The concept of dynamic range appears frequently in engineering discussions. But what exactly does this term mean? And how does it apply to electronic circuits and systems?


Understanding CCD Output Signals

Understanding CCD Output Signals

This article discusses charge-amplification techniques and explains the characteristics of the voltage waveform that contains a CCD’s pixel data.


Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

In this article, we’ll examine two important specifications of a digital oscilloscope: analog bandwidth and sampling rate.


Understanding Operational Amplifier Slew Rate

Understanding Operational Amplifier Slew Rate

This article explores an important limitation that can cause a real-life op-amp to deviate from the behavior of its idealized counterpart.


Improving Phase Accuracy Using a Composite Op-Amp

Improving Phase Accuracy Using a Composite Op-Amp

This is the final part of a six-article series on composite amplifiers. In this last part, we'll show how to improve phase accuracy.


Achieving High DC Precision Using Composite Op-Amps

Achieving High DC Precision Using Composite Op-Amps

In Part 5 of this series on composite amplifiers, we'll discuss how to achieve higher DC precision.


How to Increase Slew Rate in Op Amps

How to Increase Slew Rate in Op Amps

Learn how to get faster composite op-amp dynamics by raising the slew rate.


Achieving Faster Composite Op-Amp Dynamics by Expanding the Frequency Bandwidth

Achieving Faster Composite Op-Amp Dynamics by Expanding the Frequency Bandwidth

This is Part 3 of the series of articles about composite amplifiers. In this section, we are going to show how to achieve faster op-amp dynamics by expanding the frequency bandwidth.