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How Standard Deviation Relates to Root-Mean-Square Values

How Standard Deviation Relates to Root-Mean-Square Values

This article explores an interesting connection between an important statistical measure and one of the fundamental analytical tools of electrical engineering.


Understanding Types of Lock-In Amplifiers and Related Noise Sources

Understanding Types of Lock-In Amplifiers and Related Noise Sources

This article is a general guideline on the main aspects of commercially-available amplifiers.


Basic Fundamentals of Lock-In Amplifiers

Basic Fundamentals of Lock-In Amplifiers

This article discusses the theory fundamentals of lock-in amplifiers.


What Is Dynamic Range?

What Is Dynamic Range?

The concept of dynamic range appears frequently in engineering discussions. But what exactly does this term mean? And how does it apply to electronic circuits and systems?


Understanding CCD Output Signals

Understanding CCD Output Signals

This article discusses charge-amplification techniques and explains the characteristics of the voltage waveform that contains a CCD’s pixel data.


Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

Understanding Digital Oscilloscope Sample Rate and Analog Bandwidth Specs

In this article, we’ll examine two important specifications of a digital oscilloscope: analog bandwidth and sampling rate.


Understanding Operational Amplifier Slew Rate

Understanding Operational Amplifier Slew Rate

This article explores an important limitation that can cause a real-life op-amp to deviate from the behavior of its idealized counterpart.


Improving Phase Accuracy Using a Composite Op-Amp

Improving Phase Accuracy Using a Composite Op-Amp

This is the final part of a six-article series on composite amplifiers. In this last part, we'll show how to improve phase accuracy.


Achieving High DC Precision Using Composite Op-Amps

Achieving High DC Precision Using Composite Op-Amps

In Part 5 of this series on composite amplifiers, we'll discuss how to achieve higher DC precision.


How to Increase Slew Rate in Op Amps

How to Increase Slew Rate in Op Amps

Learn how to get faster composite op-amp dynamics by raising the slew rate.


Achieving Faster Composite Op-Amp Dynamics by Expanding the Frequency Bandwidth

Achieving Faster Composite Op-Amp Dynamics by Expanding the Frequency Bandwidth

This is Part 3 of the series of articles about composite amplifiers. In this section, we are going to show how to achieve faster op-amp dynamics by expanding the frequency bandwidth.


How to Boost the Output Current Drive Capability of an Op-Amp

How to Boost the Output Current Drive Capability of an Op-Amp

In the first part of this series on composite amplifiers, we'll investigate one method of boosting an op-amp’s output current drive capability.


Analog and Digital Implementation of a Synchronous Demodulator

Analog and Digital Implementation of a Synchronous Demodulator

In this article, we’ll take a look at the analog blocks for implementing the square wave-based synchronous demodulator.


Using Power Spectral Density (PSD) to Characterize Noise

Using Power Spectral Density (PSD) to Characterize Noise

Learn about how power spectral density (PSD) helps us to examine the effect of a noise source on the output of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system.


Synchronous Demodulation Using Analog Multipliers vs. Switch-based Multipliers

Synchronous Demodulation Using Analog Multipliers vs. Switch-based Multipliers

In this article, we’ll look at the pros and cons of using a switch-based multiplier.


Analog Design Trade-Offs in Applying Linearization Techniques Using Example CMOS Circuits

Analog Design Trade-Offs in Applying Linearization Techniques Using Example CMOS Circuits

This article will look at the trade-offs we face when trying to improve the linearity of a circuit.


Assessing the ADC SNR and SFDR for Communications Systems

Assessing the ADC SNR and SFDR for Communications Systems

In this article, we will see how we can determine the SFDR for an ADC used in a radio receiver. Also, we’ll examine the ADC SNR requirement for this application.


Introduction to the Synchronous Demodulation

Introduction to the Synchronous Demodulation

This article will discuss the basic idea behind the synchronous demodulation technique.


Understanding Different Definitions of the Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) Specification

Understanding Different Definitions of the Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) Specification

In this article, we’ll look at the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) which is a popular specification for quantifying the linearity of a circuit.


Noise in Electronics Engineering: Distribution, Noise RMS and Peak-to-Peak Value, and Power Spectral Density

Noise in Electronics Engineering: Distribution, Noise RMS and Peak-to-Peak Value, and Power Spectral Density

In this article, we’ll first examine an important feature of common noise sources: the relationship between the noise root mean square (RMS) and peak-to-peak value.