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Assessing Conductor and Dielectric Losses in Transmission Lines

Assessing Conductor and Dielectric Losses in Transmission Lines

Understanding the causes of attenuation in a transmission line can help us choose the right solutions for our application. In this article, we’ll learn about attenuation caused by conductor loss and dielectric loss.


The Skin Effect in Cylindrical and Rectangular Conductors: Eddy Currents and Current Crowding

The Skin Effect in Cylindrical and Rectangular Conductors: Eddy Currents and Current Crowding

The distribution of AC currents in real conductors with finite dimensions and circular or rectangular cross-sections is non-uniform. This article will discuss Faraday's law and how AC currents create eddy currents and current crowding in real conductors.


Noise Figure Measurement Using the Y-Factor Method: Noise Source Uncertainty and Fixturing Losses

Noise Figure Measurement Using the Y-Factor Method: Noise Source Uncertainty and Fixturing Losses

The Y-factor method simplifies noise figure measurements by allowing the use of variable attenuators in place of a calibrated power meter. In addition to defining the Y factor, we will discuss noise source uncertainty and fixturing losses that can introduce errors in your noise figure measurements.


Demystifying the Skin Effect: Insights into AC Current Distribution

Demystifying the Skin Effect: Insights into AC Current Distribution

This article will demonstrate that the AC current density decreases exponentially into a conductor. It will also explain why we can assume that the total current has a uniform distribution from the surface down to one skin depth of the conductor.


Lossy Transmission Lines: Introduction to the Skin Effect

Lossy Transmission Lines: Introduction to the Skin Effect

This article introduces high-frequency conductor losses in transmission lines caused by a phenomenon known as the skin effect.


Introduction to Lossy Transmission Lines

Introduction to Lossy Transmission Lines

This article will help you understand losses in high-frequency transmission lines that include traces on PCBs. We will also investigate how these losses impact signal propagation and the quality of digital signals.


Gain Definitions for the Y-Factor Method of NF Measurements: Available Gain or Insertion Gain?

Gain Definitions for the Y-Factor Method of NF Measurements: Available Gain or Insertion Gain?

The Y-factor method is a widely used technique for measuring the gain and noise figure (NF) of RF components. This article will help you understand the differences between the insertion gain and the available gain, while avoiding potentially significant errors when measuring the noise figure.


Transmission Line Theory: Observing the Reflection Coefficient and Standing Wave

Transmission Line Theory: Observing the Reflection Coefficient and Standing Wave

Learn about radio frequency (RF) wave propagation and reflection via transmission lines, equations, and example waveforms.


JTAG Connectors and Interfaces

JTAG Connectors and Interfaces

Learn about the interfaces and connectors used to implement JTAG.


Introduction to Electric Vehicle Battery Systems

Introduction to Electric Vehicle Battery Systems

Electric vehicle design is a complex concept. Here's a look at the heart of every EV: the battery.


Why Raspberry Pi Isn’t a Good Choice for Commercial Products

Why Raspberry Pi Isn’t a Good Choice for Commercial Products

RPi has done some amazing good in the world, especially for aspiring young engineers, but here's the breakdown on why it's probably not what you need for a professional project.


Guide to USB-C Pinout and Features

Guide to USB-C Pinout and Features

This introductory article will look at some of the most important features of the USB-C standard.


Breadboarding and Programming the ATmega328P & ATtiny45 in Atmel Studio 7

Breadboarding and Programming the ATmega328P & ATtiny45 in Atmel Studio 7

In this project, we'll build circuits for programming two different Atmel microcontrollers and we'll discuss the necessary software setup.


Track Overhead Flights with a Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless, a Software Defined Radio, and FlightAware

Track Overhead Flights with a Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless, a Software Defined Radio, and FlightAware

This article shows you two ways to use a Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless to track flights in your area. It also demonstrates how it can control a 64×64 RGB matrix.


Projects Apr 03, 2017 by Mark Hughes
Interpreting Current-Voltage Curves of Different Materials

Interpreting Current-Voltage Curves of Different Materials

This article discusses the ideas involved in measuring and interpreting the current-voltage curves of solar cells, batteries, and unknown materials.


How to Make a Timed Air Ventilator

How to Make a Timed Air Ventilator

Need to ventilate a room? This article will show you how I made a relay-operated, GPS-timed fan to vent out the moist air in my boat's cabin. It is controlled with a PIC16F628A and has an LCD.


Build Your Own LED Saber—Assembly and Hilt Construction

Build Your Own LED Saber—Assembly and Hilt Construction

In the final installment, we build our light-blade and assemble the electronics into the hilt.


Projects Oct 21, 2016 by Jeremy Lee
Build Your Own LED Saber—Firmware, Microcontroller, and Testing

Build Your Own LED Saber—Firmware, Microcontroller, and Testing

In part 3, we compile the firmware and build the controller at the heart of the Saber, then do initial testing and diagnostics.


Projects Oct 20, 2016 by Jeremy Lee
Build a Wireless “Tipping Bucket” Rain Gauge, Part 1—Assembling the Bucket

Build a Wireless “Tipping Bucket” Rain Gauge, Part 1—Assembling the Bucket

A tipping bucket rain gauge, an RF transmitter and receiver, a PICAXE microcontroller, and an LCD can make a great addition to your weather station.


Building an RC Robot Using a Wheelchair Base

Building an RC Robot Using a Wheelchair Base

This two-part project will begin by showing you how to create a robot base from a used electric wheelchair. Part 1 creates a simple robot platform for use with remote control. Part 2 will develop a platform for use with and Arduino.


Projects Jul 06, 2016 by Mark Hughes