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Understanding the Differences Between Phase and Frequency Modulation

Understanding the Differences Between Phase and Frequency Modulation

Learn why phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM) can produce waveforms that are nearly identical or completely different from one another, depending on the nature of the message signal.


A Guide to Calculating IM3 and IP3 for Nonlinear RF Circuits

A Guide to Calculating IM3 and IP3 for Nonlinear RF Circuits

Learn to confidently determine intermodulation distortion products and the third-order intercept point of RF circuits by working through a selection of example problems.


Understanding Intermodulation Distortion and the Third-Order Intercept Point In RF Systems

Understanding Intermodulation Distortion and the Third-Order Intercept Point In RF Systems

Learn how the two-tone input test helps us evaluate the nonlinearity of RF systems operating on real-world signals.


Hands-ON With AT Commands: The LoRaWAN Trainer

Hands-ON With AT Commands: The LoRaWAN Trainer

We use a Raspberry Pi and free software to build a test platform for IoT systems.


Projects Mar 02, 2025 by Don Wilcher
Programming Your Standalone Hardware Soundboard

Programming Your Standalone Hardware Soundboard

In Part 2 of this two-part series, we turn our hardware assembly into a functioning soundboard by adding the necessary code in Arduino IDE and uploading soundbites.


Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Craft Your Own Hardware Soundboard Using an Arduino Microcontroller

Learn how to turn an ATmega328 microcontroller and an assortment of readily available parts into a dedicated hardware soundboard.


Understanding How Ring Modulators Produce AM Signals

Understanding How Ring Modulators Produce AM Signals

Among modulator circuits, the ring modulator stands out as one of the most effective for generating AM signals. Learn why in this article.


Introduction to Near-Field Probes and Their Use in EMC Troubleshooting

Introduction to Near-Field Probes and Their Use in EMC Troubleshooting

Learn about the working principles of near-field probes and their applications in troubleshooting EMI issues.


The BBC Micro:bit Adjustable Brightness Alarm: A Radio Shack Remix

The BBC Micro:bit Adjustable Brightness Alarm: A Radio Shack Remix

In this project article, we’ll create a programmable device that alerts users to changes in ambient light levels. Along the way, we’ll learn about astable multivibrators and the Darlington pair.


Projects Nov 20, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Introduction to Modulation Techniques in RF Systems

Introduction to Modulation Techniques in RF Systems

In this article, we discuss the basics of RF modulation and how it affects the performance of communication systems.


Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

Building a Resistor Color Code Calculator and Ohmmeter Using Arduino

For this project, I built a handheld resistor color code calculator and ohmmeter using the ATmega328 microcontroller and a 1.8-inch color LCD display.


A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

A Cortex-M Microcontroller-Enabled Electronic Timer: A Radio Shack Remix

In this Radio Shack Classic Circuits Remix, we add modern microcontroller functionality to the vintage Electronic Timer project for the Science Fair 65-in-1 kit.


Projects Sep 15, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Broadcasting Custom Advertising Data on the nRF52 DK: A Bluetooth LE Tutorial

Broadcasting Custom Advertising Data on the nRF52 DK: A Bluetooth LE Tutorial

Learn how to turn an nRF52 development kit into a Bluetooth Low Energy beacon that broadcasts either static or dynamic custom data.


From VHDL Code to Real Hardware: Designing a Finite-State Machine

From VHDL Code to Real Hardware: Designing a Finite-State Machine

Learn how to implement finite-state machines in VHDL by creating a 4-bit binary counter. After compiling, it will run on an Altera CPLD development board connected to a custom PCB with input switches and an LED display.


The Lowdown on Wi-Fi HaLow

The Lowdown on Wi-Fi HaLow

Learn about Wi-Fi HaLow, a long-range, low-power wireless standard for IoT applications.


The Wireless Alphabet Flasher: A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

The Wireless Alphabet Flasher: A Radio Shack Classics Circuit Remix

In this project, we mix the old and the new by integrating present-day BLE technology with a vintage Science Fair computer kit.


Projects Jul 21, 2024 by Don Wilcher
Moving Data Through an LTspice Parallel-Load Shift Register

Moving Data Through an LTspice Parallel-Load Shift Register

This article demonstrates the operation of an LTspice shift register and discusses details of its schematic and timing relationships.


Modifying the Operation of Digital Components in LTspice

Modifying the Operation of Digital Components in LTspice

Customizing the device parameters of LTspice's logic gates and flip-flops can help you more accurately simulate these components. This article walks through the specification process and provides some helpful tips.


An Introduction to Using Logic Gates in LTspice

An Introduction to Using Logic Gates in LTspice

This article explains how to successfully integrate logic gates into an LTspice simulation.


Understanding the Effect of Eddy Currents on the High-Frequency Behavior of Magnetic Cores

Understanding the Effect of Eddy Currents on the High-Frequency Behavior of Magnetic Cores

The formation of eddy currents can cause problems for magnetic cores at high frequencies. To mitigate these undesirable effects, we first need to understand them.