What, exactly, is necessary to establish electrical continuity between…
Of course, there is a danger of electrical shock when directly…
Most electrical wire is covered in a rubber or plastic coating called…
Solid Cooper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…
Wiring Color Codes Infographic. Released under the Creative Commons…
A switch can be constructed with any mechanism bringing two conductors…
Ampacities of copper wire, in free air at 30o C: INSULATION TYPE…
All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of…
PARTS AND MATERIALS 6-volt battery Low-voltage incandescent lamp…
So far, we’ve been analyzing single-battery, single-resistor…
The electrons of different types of atoms have different degrees of…
In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…
In order to build the circuits described in this volume, you will need…
Note: this is a very unique and useful property of e. As in…
This tool is designed to calculate the inductance of two parallel wires
A practical application of switch and relay logic is in control…
By now you should be well aware of the correlation between electrical…
Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…
Any kind of switch contact can be designed so that the contacts…
An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…
We know that the current in a series circuit may be calculated with…
Mathematicians use Venn diagrams to show the logical relationships of…
PARTS AND MATERIALS Two 6-volt batteries Four NPN…
The “vocabulary” of instructions which any particular…
What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of…
Before we begin to explore the effects of resistors, inductors, and…
Capacitors do not have a stable “resistance” as conductors…
Periodic table of chemical elements.
Boolean algebra finds its most practical use in the simplification of…
Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…
The benefits of scientific notation do not end with ease of writing…
PARTS AND MATERIALS One large potato One lemon (optional) Strip of…
Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…
Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…
You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…
A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…
Up to this point we have considered logic reduction problems where…
Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…
Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean…
The peak voltage calculator calculates peak voltage values from the peak-to-peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.
The voltage divider is a circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage.
Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…
Complex numbers are useful for AC circuit analysis because they…
In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth…
Practical Benefit of Active Devices The practical benefit of active…
Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…
Suppose a 12 volt lead-acid battery has an internal resistance of 20…
If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…
To express a quantity in a different metric prefix from how it was…
Once again, when building battery/resistor circuits, the student or…
If we take the equivalent circuit of an SCR and add another external…
A tool designed to calculate the power density of an antenna
This tool calculates the cutoff frequency of a circular waveguide
PARTS AND MATERIALS One 9V Battery Battery Clip (Radio Shack catalog #…
(“c” being a constant) RELATED…
A calculator for computing the inductance of a coaxial cable.
PARTS AND MATERIALS Two 6 volt batteries One capacitor, 0.1 µF,…
Suppose we wished to measure the resistance of some component located…
