Connectors Education

Isolators are one of the key electronic components used in a solar inverter. They enable communication between low-voltage, sensitive control circuitry, such as microcontrollers, and components connected to high voltage, such as power transistors and sense elements. They also provide a safety barrier for human accessible interfaces and connectors. When it comes to power paths in Solar Inverters, we notice three key trends: Higher power string and centralized inverters are moving towards higher bus voltages enabling the system to deliver higher power, while keeping the current levels the same, Reducing transition times in the DC-AC switching stage to minimize the duration that the IGBTs spend in high impedance, Increasing PWM switching frequency in the DC-AC stage to reduce the size and cost of the magnetics in the design (for example the inductive EMI filters)

Wiring for AC and DC power distribution branch circuits are color coded for identification of individual wires. In some jurisdictions all wire colors are specified in legal documents. In other jurisdictions, only a few conductor colors are so codified. In that case, local custom dictates the “optional” wire colors. IEC, AC: Most of Europe abides by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) wiring color codes for AC branch circuits. These are listed

Solid Cooper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area (cir. mils) Cross-sectional area (sq. inches) Weight (lb/1000ft) 4/0 0.4600 211,600 0.1662 640.5 3/0 0.4096 167,800 0.1318 507.9 2/0 0.3648 133,100 0.1045 402.8 1/0 0.3249 105,500 0.08289 319.5 1 0.2893 83,690 0.06573 253.5 2 0.2576 66,370 0.05213 200.9 3 0.2294 52,630 0.04134 159.3 4 0.2043 41,740 0.03278 126.4 5 0.1819 33,100 0.02600 100.2 6 0.1620 26,250 0.02062 79.46 7 0.1443 20,820 0.01635 63.02 8 0.1285 16,510 0.01297 49.97 9 0.1144 13,090 0.01028 39.63 10 0.1019 10,380 0.008155 31.43 11 0.09074 8,234 0.006467 24.92 12 0.08081 6,530 0.005129 19.77 13 0.07196 5,178 0.004067 15.68 14 0.06408 4,107 0.003225 12.43 15 0.05707 3,257 0.002558 9.858 16 0.05082 2,583 0.002028 7.818 17 0.04526 2,048 0.001609 6.200 18 0.04030 1,624 0.001276 4.917 19 0.03589 1,288 0.001012 3.899 20 0.03196 1,022 0.0008023 3.092 21 0.02846 810.1 0.0006363 2.452 22 0.02535 642.5 0.0005046 1.945 23 0.02257 509.5 0.0004001 1.542 24 0.02010 404.0 0.0003173 1.233 25 0.01790 320.4 0.0002517 0.9699 26 0.01594 254.1 0.0001996 0.7692 27 0.01420 201.5 0.0001583 0.6100 28 0.01264 159.8 0.0001255 0.4837 29 0.01126 126.7 0.00009954 0.3836 30 0.01003 100.5 0.00007894 0.3042 31 0.008928 79.70 0.00006260 0.2413 32 0.007950 63.21 0.00004964 0.1913 33 0.007080 50.13 0.00003937 0.1517 34 0.006305 39.75 0.00003122 0.1203 35 0.005615 31.52 0.00002476 0.09542 36 0.005000 25.00 0.00001963 0.07567 37 0.004453 19.83 0.00001557 0.06001 38 0.003965 15.72 0.00001235 0.04759 39 0.003531 12.47 0.000009793 0.03774 40 0.003145 9.888 0.000007766 0.02993 41 0.002800 7.842 0.000006159 0.02374 42 0.002494 6.219 0.000004884 0.01882 43 0.002221 4.932 0.000003873 0.01493 44 0.001978 3.911 0.000003072 0.01184

Older electrical schematics showed connecting wires crossing, while non-connecting wires “jumped” over each other with little half-circle marks. Newer electrical schematics show connecting wires joining with a dot, while non-connecting wires cross with no dot. However, some people still use the older convention of connecting wires crossing with no dot, which may create confusion. For this reason, I opt to use a hybrid convention, with connecting wires unambiguously connected by

By now you should be well aware of the correlation between electrical conductivity and certain types of materials. Those materials allowing for easy passage of free electrons are called conductors, while those materials impeding the passage of free electrons are called insulators. Unfortunately, the scientific theories explaining why certain materials conduct and others don’t are quite complex, rooted in quantum mechanical explanations in how electrons are arranged around the

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a wire-over-plane setup.

Wiring Color Codes Infographic. Released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Looking for Wiring & Resistor Calculators? View our Wire & Resistor calculators in our Tools section. Basic Wire Color Code Information by Region Many of the wire identifications standards rely on color codes. Which standard should you be using for your project? It depends on your location, voltage, and other important factors. Note: Older installations may use different color

What, exactly, is necessary to establish electrical continuity between two wires? If I want to have an electric current flow out of one wire and into another, what must be done with those two wires to make that flow path complete? Conversely, what things might prevent continuity from being established between two wires when they are supposed to electrically connect with one another?

A right triangle is defined as having one angle precisely equal to 90o (a right angle). Trigonometric Identities H is the Hypotenuse, always being opposite the right angle. Relative to angle x, O is the Opposite and A is the Adjacent. “Arc” functions such as “arcsin”, “arccos”, and “arctan” are the complements of normal trigonometric functions. These functions return an angle for a ratio input. For example, if the tangent

3.2 Wire and Cable. Wire and cable are generally used to interconnect various components in electronic systems. Wire is a good conductor, but it is not perfect because it has some resistance. Incorrect wire selection can degrade system performance and in some cases present fire hazards. It's imperative that the right type of wiring be used for the given application. The amount of resistance a wire offers to current flow depends

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement and control of physical processes. These physical processes include pressure, temperature, flow rate, and chemical consistency. An instrument is a device that measures and/or acts to control any kind of physical process. Due to the fact that electrical quantities of voltage and current are easy to measure, manipulate, and transmit over long distances, they are widely used to

Project Parts and Materials Automotive alternator (one required, but two recommended) Old alternators may be obtained for low prices at automobile wrecking yards. Many yards have alternators already removed from the automobile, for your convenience. I do not recommend paying full price for a new alternator, as used units cost far less money and function just as well for the purposes of this experiment. I highly recommend using a Delco-Remy

So far, we’ve been analyzing single-battery, single-resistor circuits with no regard for the connecting wires between the components, so long as a complete circuit is formed. Does the wire length or circuit “shape” matter to our calculations? Let’s look at a couple of circuit configurations and find out: When we draw wires connecting points in a circuit, we usually assume those wires have negligible resistance. As such, they

In any electrically conductive substance, what are charge carriers? Identify the charge carriers in metallic substances, semiconducting substances, and conductive liquids.

The associative property In addition and multiplication, terms may be arbitrarily associated with each other through the use of parentheses: The commutative property In addition and multiplication, terms may be arbitrarily interchanged, or commutated: The distributive property

Example Derivatives of e Proportionality Constant When we say that a relationship or phenomenon is “exponential,” we are implying that some quantity—electric current, profits, population—increases more rapidly as the quantity grows. In other words, the rate of change with respect to a given variable is proportional to the value of that variable. This means that the derivative of an exponential function is equal to the original exponential function

(“c” being a constant)

This tool is designed to calculate the inductance of two parallel wires

Aside from the ability to easily convert between different levels of voltage and current in AC and DC circuits, transformers also provide an extremely useful feature called isolation, which is the ability to couple one circuit to another without the use of direct wire connections. We can demonstrate an application of this effect with another SPICE simulation: this time showing “ground” connections for the two circuits, imposing a high DC

All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of electrical power through its contacts, it is designated by a special name: contactor. Contactors typically have multiple contacts, and those contacts are usually (but not always) normally-open, so that power to the load is shut off when the coil is de-energized. Perhaps the most common industrial use for contactors is the control of electric motors. The