All About Circuits

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Special-purpose Diodes

Special-purpose Diodes

Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are constructed of a metal-to-N…


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High-Reliability Circuits

High-Reliability Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze relay…


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Quantum Physics

Quantum Physics

“I think it is safe to say that no one understands quantum…


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Principles of Radio

Principles of Radio

One of the more fascinating applications of electricity is in the…


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Free Space Path Loss Calculator

Free Space Path Loss Calculator

This calculator calculates the free space loss, given the distance, frequency, and gain, between two antennas.


Tools

Fundamentals of Radio Communication

Fundamentals of Radio Communication

What does the acronym RF stand form, in reference to radio-related…


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Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Research the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) guidelines on…


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Link Budget Calculator

Link Budget Calculator

A Link Budget puts into account all gains and losses a signal goes through in a system as it is transmitted. The calculator calculates the power of the received signal given amplifier and antenna gains, and medium loss.


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Digital Signals and Gates

Digital Signals and Gates

While the binary numeration system is an interesting mathematical…


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Decibel Calculator

Decibel Calculator

This calculator will convert voltage or power gains into decibels. Enter one of the three values and the calculator will output the other two.


Tools

Inductive Reactance

Inductive Reactance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

As an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, it creates a…


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Band-pass Filters

Band-pass Filters

How to Create Band-pass Filter There are applications where a…


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TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…


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Contact “Bounce”

Contact “Bounce”

When a switch is actuated and contacts touch one another under the…


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Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


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Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

Digital Lab - Basic 2-Input NAND Gate Circuit

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test a 2-input digital NAND gate with LED indicators and learn to read pinout diagrams, power a digital IC, connect unused inputs and outputs, and use pulldown resistors.


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Simultaneous Equations for Circuit Analysis

Simultaneous Equations for Circuit Analysis

Solve this equation for the value of x: x + 5 = 8 How many exact…


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Factors Affecting Inductance

Factors Affecting Inductance

There are four basic factors of inductor construction determining the…


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Low-pass Filters

Low-pass Filters

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…


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Numbers versus Numeration

Numbers versus Numeration

It is imperative to understand that the type of numeration system used…


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Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature coefficient (α) per degree C: Material Element/Alloy…


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The Instrumentation Amplifier

The Instrumentation Amplifier

What Is an Instrumentation Amplifier? An instrumentation amplifier…


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Capacitors

Capacitors

Identify some of the different types of capacitors, and their…


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The Thyristor

The Thyristor

A thyristor is a device that has a number of unusual characteristics.…


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Binary Math Circuits

Binary Math Circuits

Add the following binary numbers:


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Bandpass Filter Calculator

Bandpass Filter Calculator

This calculates values of the inductance, capacitance of an inductor and capacitor used in a Butterworth LC bandpass filter.


Tools

555 Lab - Advanced Red LED Flasher

555 Lab - Advanced Red LED Flasher

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a red LED flasher with a transistor drive to control the current and learn how to use transistors to provide current gain and how to limit LED current.


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Ammeter Design

Ammeter Design

What would happen to this meter movement, if connected directly to a…


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Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC…


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Resistors

Resistors

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


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Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…


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Solving for Unknown Time

Solving for Unknown Time

Sometimes it is necessary to determine the length of time that a…


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Wattmeter Design

Wattmeter Design

Power in an electric circuit is the product (multiplication) of…


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Fuses

Fuses

Normally, the ampacity rating of a conductor is a circuit design…


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Resistor Color Codes

Resistor Color Codes

Try out our Resistor Color Code Calculator in our Tools section.…


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IGFET Amplifiers

IGFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Radicals

Radicals

Definition of a Radical Given the expression where “x” is…


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Peak to Peak Voltage Calculator (VP-P)

Peak to Peak Voltage Calculator (VP-P)

This calculator shows the peak-to-peak voltage (VP-P) value from the peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.


Tools

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…


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Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Up to this point we have considered logic reduction problems where…


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Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


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Node Voltage Method

Node Voltage Method

The node voltage method of DC network analysis solves for unknown…


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Diode Switching Circuits

Diode Switching Circuits

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and…


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The Gated S-R Latch

The Gated S-R Latch

It is sometimes useful in logic circuits to have a multivibrator which…


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AC Resistor Circuits (Capacitive)

AC Resistor Circuits (Capacitive)

Pure resistive AC circuit: voltage and current are in phase.  …


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Vol III. Credits

Vol III. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Converting Between Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Since Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorems are two…


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