Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…

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Synchronous Motors

Single Phase Synchronous Motors Single-phase synchronous motors are…

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DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a thermocouple to measure temperature changes and learn about the Seebeck effect.

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Networks and Busses

The wires between the tank and the monitoring location is  called…

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…

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Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

This calculator will convert pressure values to ten different standard units for pressure.

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Tools

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.

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AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a large AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

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High Voltage Ohmmeters

Most ohmmeters of the design shown in the previous section utilize a…

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AC Lab - Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

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Stepper Motors

Stepper Motor vs Servo Motor A stepper motor is a…

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Network Protocols

Aside from the issues of the physical network (signal types and…

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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…

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Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.

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Relay Construction

Electricity and Magnetism An electric current through a conductor will…

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Lenz’s Law and Faraday’s Law Calculator

This calculator uses Faraday's and Lenz's laws to calculate the magnitude and polarity of the induced electromotive force (EMF) caused by a change in magnetic flux through a closed-loop coil.

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Tools

AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will sense AC magnetic fields using a simple wire coil and learn about AC signal coupling, orientation effects, and the impact of shielding using different materials.

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Parallel Resistor Calculator

Calculate the equivalent resistance of up to six resistors in parallel with ease while learning how to calculate resistance in parallel and the parallel resistance formula.

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Tools

ElectroStatic Discharge

At the start of this book, we discussed static electricity and how it…

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Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…

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Elementary Circuits

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Temperature Coefficients of Resistance Table

Temperature coefficient (α) per degree C: Material Element/Alloy…

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Arithmetic Properties

Associative Property In addition and multiplication, terms may be…

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Calculus for Electric Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…

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Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…

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Basic Voltmeter Use

What will this voltmeter register when connected to a battery as shown…

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Worksheets - PLCs

Conventional Versus Electron Flow

“The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of…

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Power in Electric Circuits

In addition to voltage and current, there is another important…

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Digital Codes

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…

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Worksheets - PLCs

JFET Biasing Techniques

Using an example, learn about the different bias techniques for junction field effect transistors (JFETs) like the constant voltage bias, self-bias configuration, and voltage divider biasing.

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis…

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Analysis Options

AC ANALYSIS: General form: .ac [curve] [points] [start] [final]…

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AC Lab - Noise Cancellation

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an AC voltage source connected to speakers to learn about sound waves and the foundational principle used in noise cancelling headphones.

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Counter Modulus

Incomplete

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Meter Check of a Transistor (JFET)

Testing a JFET with a multimeter might seem to be a relatively easy…

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Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog voltage comparator circuit and learn how open-loop operational amplifiers function.

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Rules for Antiderivatives

Constant Rule     Rule of Sums     Rule of…

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