All About Circuits

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Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


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AC Bridge Circuits

AC Bridge Circuits

As we saw with DC measurement circuits, the circuit configuration…


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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…


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Lorentz Force Calculator

Lorentz Force Calculator

This calculator will determine the combined Lorentz force exerted on a charged particle moving through both an electric field and a magnetic field.


Tools

Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


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AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


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Protective Relay Circuits

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…


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The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

If we take the equivalent circuit of an SCR and add another external…


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Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Since three-phase is used so often for power distribution systems, it…


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Thyristor Application Circuits

Thyristor Application Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Motor Control Circuits

Motor Control Circuits

The interlock contacts installed in the previous section’s motor…


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DC Motor Control Circuits

DC Motor Control Circuits

How is it possible to electrically measure the torque output by a…


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Electromechanical Relay Logic

Electromechanical Relay Logic

In ladder logic symbolism, an electromechanical relay coil is shown as…


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DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.


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Contactors

Contactors

All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of…


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Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Lenz’s Law and Faraday’s Law Calculator

Lenz’s Law and Faraday’s Law Calculator

This calculator uses Faraday's and Lenz's laws to calculate the magnitude and polarity of the induced electromotive force (EMF) caused by a change in magnetic flux through a closed-loop coil.


Tools

Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Electromechanical relays used to start and stop high-power electric…


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TTL Logic Gates

TTL Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


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Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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“Ladder” Diagrams

“Ladder” Diagrams

Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document…


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AC Motor Control Circuits

AC Motor Control Circuits

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…


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The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

Bipolar junction transistors (Also known as BJTs) can be used as an…


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Switches, Electrically Actuated (Relays)

Switches, Electrically Actuated (Relays)

The structure behind ladder logic is based on the electrical ladder…


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Contact “Normal” State and Make/Break Sequence

Contact “Normal” State and Make/Break Sequence

Any kind of switch contact can be designed so that the contacts…


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TTL Logic Gates

TTL Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


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Light-Pulse Switch

Light-Pulse Switch

It is fairly important to use large value resistors (10 MΩ works…


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Switches

Switches

What is the purpose of the switch shown in this schematic diagram?


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Introduction to AC Motors

Introduction to AC Motors

After the introduction of the DC electrical distribution system by…


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AC Lab - Induction Motor

AC Lab - Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.


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Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


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Other Specialized Motors

Other Specialized Motors

Shaded Pole Induction Motor An easy way to provide starting torque to…


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Protective Relay Circuits

Protective Relay Circuits

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…


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555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a multiple LED flasher and learn how to use inductive flyback to generate a voltage pulse that is greater than the supply voltage.


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Digital Lab - Digital Combination Lock

Digital Lab - Digital Combination Lock

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a digital combination lock with LED output indicators and learn about XOR gate functionality and how to implement NOR logic functionality using diodes.


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Reluctance Motor

Reluctance Motor

The variable reluctance motor is based on the principle that an…


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AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


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Switches, Process Actuated

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…


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Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Lorentz Force Calculator

Lorentz Force Calculator

This calculator will determine the combined Lorentz force exerted on a charged particle moving through both an electric field and a magnetic field.


Tools

Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an edge-triggered S-R flip-flop, learn the difference between a latch and a flip-flop, and experience how a switch bounce can cause logic errors.


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Resonance

Resonance

The Q factor of a series inductive circuit is given by the following…


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Stripline Max Current Calculator

Stripline Max Current Calculator

A calculator designed to calculate the maximum current that a stripline can handle


Tools

Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions

In designing digital circuits, the designer often begins with a truth…


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Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Research the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) guidelines on…


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Insulator Breakdown Voltage

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…


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Active-mode Operation (BJT)

Active-mode Operation (BJT)

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it…


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Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


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Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.


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Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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DC Generator Theory

DC Generator Theory

Generators used in battery-charging systems must be regulated so as to…


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Operational Amplifier Models

Operational Amplifier Models

While mention of operational amplifiers typically provokes visions of…


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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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SPICE Simulation of Series and Parallel Circuits

SPICE Simulation of Series and Parallel Circuits

Previously, we examined series circuits and parallel circuits using…


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Design Project: Sensitive Microphone Amplifier

Design Project: Sensitive Microphone Amplifier

Identify which direction each potentiometer wiper must move in this…


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pH Measurement

pH Measurement

A very important measurement in many liquid chemical processes…


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Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Label where each of the following electrical quantities would be found…


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