All About Circuits

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Binary Overflow

Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…


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Digital Communication

Digital Communication

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Semiconductor Devices in SPICE

Semiconductor Devices in SPICE

The SPICE (Simulation Program, Integrated Circuit Emphesis)…


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Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies


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Memory Devices

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…


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Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…


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Microprocessor Programming

Microprocessor Programming

The “vocabulary” of instructions which any particular…


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Finite State Machines

Finite State Machines

Up to now, every circuit that was presented was a combinatorial…


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Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.


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Binary Addition

Binary Addition

The Rules of Binary Addition Adding binary numbers is a very simple…


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Practical considerations - Digital Communication

Practical considerations - Digital Communication

A principal consideration for industrial control networks, where the…


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Decoder

Decoder

A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It…


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DC Lab - An Analog Computer For Averaging

DC Lab - An Analog Computer For Averaging

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple circuit that computes the average of voltages and learn about analog computers and their application.


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Microcontroller Principles

Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…


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Look-up Tables

Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

In these hands-on semiconductor electronics experiments, learn to build and test circuits using discrete silicon (Si) devices, including diodes and transistors. Also, learn important circuit designs, including rectifiers, current mirrors, amplifiers, and oscillators.


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AC Motor Control Circuits

AC Motor Control Circuits

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…


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Synchronous Counters

Synchronous Counters

What is a Synchronous Counter? A synchronous counter, in contrast to…


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Contact “Bounce”

Contact “Bounce”

When a switch is actuated and contacts touch one another under the…


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AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a parallel resonant inductor-capacitor circuit and learn about oscillation, resonant frequency, and damping.


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More on Spectrum Analysis

More on Spectrum Analysis

Computerized Fourier analysis, particularly in the form of the FFT…


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Solving for Unknown Time

Solving for Unknown Time

Sometimes it is necessary to determine the length of time that a…


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Flash ADC

Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…


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Series and Parallel Inductors

Series and Parallel Inductors

When inductors are connected in series, the total inductance is the…


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Si Lab - Commutating Diode

Si Lab - Commutating Diode

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple circuit that will teach you how to use a commutating diode to reduce inductive kickback.


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AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

When calculating the power dissipation of resistive components, we can…


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The Common-gate Amplifier (IGFET)

The Common-gate Amplifier (IGFET)


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The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Combination Tubes

Combination Tubes

Similar in thought to the idea of the integrated circuit, tube…


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Ideal Diode Current and Voltage Calculator

Ideal Diode Current and Voltage Calculator

This calculator solves for any single missing value in the ideal diode I-V equation for a forward-biased PN-junction diode. Parameters are current, saturation current, voltage, temperature, and ideality factor.


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Transistor Ratings and Packages (IGFET)

Transistor Ratings and Packages (IGFET)


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Multimeters

Multimeters

Seeing as how a common meter movement can be made to function as a…


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Single-phase Induction Motors

Single-phase Induction Motors

A three-phase motor may be run from a single-phase power source.…


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Relay Construction

Relay Construction

Electricity and Magnetism An electric current through a conductor will…


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Beam Power Tubes

Beam Power Tubes

In the beam power tube, the basic four-element structure of the…


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Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Circuits

What is Rectification? Now we come to the most popular application of…


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Wiring Color Codes

Wiring Color Codes

Wiring for AC and DC power distribution branch circuits are color…


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Power Measurement

Power Measurement

Power measurement in AC circuits can be quite a bit more complex than…


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The TRIAC

The TRIAC

SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful…


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Fundamentals of SPICE programming

Fundamentals of SPICE programming

Programming a circuit simulation with SPICE is much like programming…


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Simultaneous Equations for Circuit Analysis

Simultaneous Equations for Circuit Analysis

Solve this equation for the value of x: x + 5 = 8 How many exact…


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Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)

Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)


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Decibel Calculator

Decibel Calculator

This calculator will convert voltage or power gains into decibels. Enter one of the three values and the calculator will output the other two.


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DeMorgan’s Theorems

DeMorgan’s Theorems

A mathematician named DeMorgan developed a pair of important rules…


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Network Topology

Network Topology

Point-to-Point Connecting two digital devices with a network, would…


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Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


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DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a precision potentiometer from three lower precision potentiometer and learn about voltage range compression and parameter interactions.


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Thyristors

Thyristors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Series and Parallel Capacitors

Series and Parallel Capacitors

When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is…


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Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


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Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Three-phase Transformer Circuits

Since three-phase is used so often for power distribution systems, it…


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Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

This page provides a step-by-step introduction to using the mesh…


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Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog voltage comparator circuit and learn how open-loop operational amplifiers function.


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Transistors, Bipolar

Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…


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Coil Inductance Calculator

Coil Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a wire coil.


Tools

Power in Resistive and Reactive AC circuits

Power in Resistive and Reactive AC circuits

Consider a circuit for a single-phase AC power system, where a 120…


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