All About Circuits

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Microcontroller Principles

Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…


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Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

In these hands-on semiconductor electronics experiments, learn to build and test circuits using discrete silicon (Si) devices, including diodes and transistors. Also, learn important circuit designs, including rectifiers, current mirrors, amplifiers, and oscillators.


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Decoder

Decoder

A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It…


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Introduction to Shift Registers

Introduction to Shift Registers

Shift registers, like counters, are a form of sequential…


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Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…


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Microprocessor Programming

Microprocessor Programming

The “vocabulary” of instructions which any particular…


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Binary Subtraction

Binary Subtraction

We can subtract one binary number from another by using the standard…


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Finite State Machines

Finite State Machines

Up to now, every circuit that was presented was a combinatorial…


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Quantum Devices

Quantum Devices

Most integrated circuits are digital, based on MOS (CMOS) transistors.…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Resistor Color Code Calculator and Chart—4 Band, 5 Band, or 6 Band Resistors

Resistor Color Code Calculator and Chart—4 Band, 5 Band, or 6 Band Resistors

A handy all-in-one tool for reading resistor color code values for a 4 band resistor, 5 band resistor, or 6 band resistor.


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Synchronous Counters

Synchronous Counters

What is a Synchronous Counter? A synchronous counter, in contrast to…


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Look-up Tables

Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…


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Binary Overflow

Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…


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Practical considerations - Digital Communication

Practical considerations - Digital Communication

A principal consideration for industrial control networks, where the…


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Binary Addition

Binary Addition

The Rules of Binary Addition Adding binary numbers is a very simple…


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Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.


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Negative Binary Numbers

Negative Binary Numbers

With addition being easily accomplished, we can perform the operation…


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Programmable Logic Technology

Programmable Logic Technology

Define the following acronyms as they apply to digital logic circuits:…


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Memory Devices

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…


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Solving Unbalanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuits Via Mesh Current Method

Solving Unbalanced Wheatstone Bridge Circuits Via Mesh Current Method

An unbalanced Wheatstone bridge cannot be solved using simple series…


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Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


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Switches, Process Actuated

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…


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Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

This calculator determines the wavelength of a signal given the frequency and dielectric constant.


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Contributors (5)

Contributors (5)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Calculus for Electric Circuits

Calculus for Electric Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


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Biasing Techniques (IGFET)

Biasing Techniques (IGFET)


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Digital Lab - S-R Latch Using NOR Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Latch Using NOR Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an S-R latch using two NOR gates and learn how this type of digital memory operates, including invalid states, race conditions, and the effects of output loading.


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DC Lab - Potato Battery

DC Lab - Potato Battery

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will create a battery from a potato (yes! a potato) and learn about the relationship between chemical energy and electric energy.


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Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are favored due…


Textbook

Circuit Components

Circuit Components

Remember that this tutorial is not exhaustive by any means, and that…


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Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions

Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions

So far in our discussions on electricity and electric circuits, we…


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Series Resistor-Inductor Circuits

Series Resistor-Inductor Circuits

In the previous section, we explored what would happen in simple…


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Resistors

Resistors

Because the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in…


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Parallel Resistor Calculator

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Calculate the equivalent resistance of up to six resistors in parallel with ease while learning how to calculate resistance in parallel and the parallel resistance formula.


Tools

The Gated S-R Latch

The Gated S-R Latch

It is sometimes useful in logic circuits to have a multivibrator which…


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555 Lab - Advanced Red LED Flasher

555 Lab - Advanced Red LED Flasher

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a red LED flasher with a transistor drive to control the current and learn how to use transistors to provide current gain and how to limit LED current.


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Series Circuit Rules

Series Circuit Rules

Current Components in a series circuit share the same current: Itotal…


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Diodes

Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…


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Special-output Gates

Special-output Gates

Complementary Output Gates It is sometimes desirable to have a logic…


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General Troubleshooting Tips

General Troubleshooting Tips

When first approaching a failed or otherwise misbehaving system, the…


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Hysteresis

Hysteresis

Thyristors are a class of semiconductor components exhibiting…


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Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a…


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Active Loads in Amplifier Circuits

Active Loads in Amplifier Circuits

We know that the current in a series circuit may be calculated with…


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Introduction to SPICE

Introduction to SPICE

“With Electronics Workbench, you can create circuit schematics…


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Design Project: Signal Generator

Design Project: Signal Generator

Explain the principle of operation for the particular integrated…


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Why L/R and not LR?

Why L/R and not LR?

Learn About L/R Time Constants It is often perplexing to new students…


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The NOT Gate

The NOT Gate

The single-transistor inverter circuit illustrated earlier is actually…


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Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance

Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure resistance using the ohmmeter function.


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Microprocessors

Microprocessors

Early computer science pioneers such as Alan Turing and John Von…


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Physical Effects of Electricity

Physical Effects of Electricity

Certain substances are known to physically deform (shorten or…


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Connectors

Connectors

An electrical connector, is an electro-mechanical device used to join…


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Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Clipper and Clamper Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Numbers and Symbols

Numbers and Symbols

The expression of numerical quantities is something we tend to take…


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More on Spectrum Analysis

More on Spectrum Analysis

Computerized Fourier analysis, particularly in the form of the FFT…


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Logarithms for Analog Circuits

Logarithms for Analog Circuits

The concept of a mathematical power is familiar to most students of…


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Coax Inductance Calculator

Coax Inductance Calculator

A calculator for computing the inductance of a coaxial cable.


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Power Sources

Power Sources

There are many different types of power sources, and here some of the…


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Binary Count Sequence

Binary Count Sequence

If we examine a four-bit binary count sequence from 0000 to 1111, a…


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