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Standing Waves and Resonance

Standing Waves and Resonance

Whenever there is a mismatch of impedance between transmission line…


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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis…


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Snell’s Law Calculator

Snell’s Law Calculator

Given three of the four input parameters (refractive indices, angles of incidence, and refraction) this tool calculates the missing variable based on Snell's law.


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Electrical Signal Types

Electrical Signal Types

With BogusBus, our signals were very simple and straightforward: each…


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Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Antennas

EIRP Calculator

EIRP Calculator

A helpful tool for computing the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of an antenna


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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RF Power Ratio Conversion Calculator

RF Power Ratio Conversion Calculator

This tool is designed to convert power ratios to decibel


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Digital Communication

Digital Communication

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Antennas

Introduction to Digital Communication

Introduction to Digital Communication

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…


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Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Normally, the rotor windings of a wound rotor induction motor are…


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Signal Modulation

Signal Modulation

A modern method of electrical power control involves inserting a…


Worksheets - Antennas

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

This tool calculates the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna given the desired operating frequency.


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Waveguides

Waveguides

A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a…


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Principles of Radio

Principles of Radio

One of the more fascinating applications of electricity is in the…


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Radar Maximum Range Calculator

Radar Maximum Range Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the maximum distance (range) that a radar can detect


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Passive Filter Circuits

Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…


Worksheets - Antennas

Free Space Path Loss Calculator

Free Space Path Loss Calculator

This calculator calculates the free space loss, given the distance, frequency, and gain, between two antennas.


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Optical Data Communication

Optical Data Communication

A modern alternative to sending (binary) digital information via…


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Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Circuits

What is Rectification? Now we come to the most popular application of…


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Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…


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Amplifier Gain

Amplifier Gain

The Voltage Gain Because amplifiers have the ability to increase the…


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Square Wave Signals

Square Wave Signals

It has been found that any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform can be…


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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Antennas

Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


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Peak Detector

Peak Detector

A peak detector is a series connection of a diode and a…


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Band-pass Filters

Band-pass Filters

How to Create Band-pass Filter There are applications where a…


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Balanced Attenuator Calculator

Balanced Attenuator Calculator

This balanced attenuator calculator helps you determine the resistor (R1) values for a balanced attenuator.


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Waveguide Calculator (Rectangular)

Waveguide Calculator (Rectangular)

This tool calculates the cutoff frequency of a rectangular waveguide


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Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


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Low-pass Filters

Low-pass Filters

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…


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Data Flow

Data Flow

Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur…


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More on Spectrum Analysis

More on Spectrum Analysis

Computerized Fourier analysis, particularly in the form of the FFT…


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Practical considerations - Digital Communication

Practical considerations - Digital Communication

A principal consideration for industrial control networks, where the…


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


Worksheets - Antennas

AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity…


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Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


Worksheets - Antennas

Radar Maximum Range Calculator

Radar Maximum Range Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the maximum distance (range) that a radar can detect


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Simple Parallel (Tank Circuit) Resonance

Simple Parallel (Tank Circuit) Resonance

Resonance in a Tank Circuit A condition of resonance will be…


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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out  (SIPO) Conversion

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Parallel-out (SIPO) Conversion

A serial-in, parallel-out shift register is similar to the serial-in,…


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Overcurrent Protection

Overcurrent Protection

What hazards might be posed by a circuit with excessive current going…


Worksheets - Antennas

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


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Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

In order to work with complex numbers without drawing vectors, we…


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The Common-source Amplifier (JFET)

The Common-source Amplifier (JFET)

RELATED WORKSHEETS: JFET Amplifiers Worksheet


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DC Motor Control Circuits

DC Motor Control Circuits

How is it possible to electrically measure the torque output by a…


Worksheets - Antennas

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean…


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The J-K Flip-Flop

The J-K Flip-Flop

Another variation on a theme of bistable multivibrators is the J-K…


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Specific Resistance

Specific Resistance

Designing Wire Resistance Conductor ampacity rating is a crude…


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The Pentode

The Pentode

Another strategy for addressing the problem of secondary electrons…


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The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


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Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

This calculator determines the wavelength of a signal given the frequency and dielectric constant.


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Design Project: Logic Probe

Design Project: Logic Probe

What factors determine where potentiometers Rpot1 and Rpot2 must be…


Worksheets - Antennas

Magnetic Units of Measurement

Magnetic Units of Measurement

In electric circuits, the three basic quantities are voltage (E or V),…


Worksheets - Antennas

Venn Diagrams and Sets

Venn Diagrams and Sets

Mathematicians use Venn diagrams to show the logical relationships of…


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DC Lab - Build Your Own Multimeter

DC Lab - Build Your Own Multimeter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple voltmeter and ammeter while learning some fundamentals about circuit measurements.


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Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Miscellaneous Diode Applications

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Antennas

Decibels Equations

Decibels Equations

  RELATED WORKSHEETS: Decibel Measurements Worksheet


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Component Modeling

Component Modeling

When plotted on a curve tracer, the characteristic curve for a normal…


Worksheets - Antennas

Scientific Notation in SPICE

Scientific Notation in SPICE

The SPICE circuit simulation computer program uses scientific notation…


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