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Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

Unijunction transistor: Although a unijunction transistor is not a…


Textbook

The Common-collector Amplifier

The Common-collector Amplifier

Our next transistor configuration to study is a bit simpler for gain…


Textbook

Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

Analog Lab - Voltage Comparator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog voltage comparator circuit and learn how open-loop operational amplifiers function.


Textbook

Current Mirror BJTs

Current Mirror BJTs

Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT Current Mirror An often-used…


Textbook

Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

JFET Amplifiers

JFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

Analog Lab - Op Amp Integrator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an analog integrator using an operational amplifier and learn about integration functions, op amp input bias currents, and how to limit the voltage swing of a potentiometer.


Textbook

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an op amp voltage follower and learn about negative feedback in operational amplifier circuits.


Textbook

Example Circuits and Netlists

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…


Textbook

Digital Logic Signals

Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Passive Filter Circuits

Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Bipolar Junction Transistors in Active Mode

Bipolar Junction Transistors in Active Mode

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Special-purpose Diodes

Special-purpose Diodes

Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are constructed of a metal-to-N…


Textbook

Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

This calculator will compute the required resistor ratio (R2/R1) and reference voltage (VREF) to create the desired high (VTH) and low (VTL) threshold voltages in a non-inverting comparator circuit with hysteresis (commonly called a Schmitt trigger).


Tools

Calculus for Electric Circuits

Calculus for Electric Circuits

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

Op-Amp Voltage and Gain Calculator

A calculator for computing the gain and output voltage of an operational amplifier


Tools

Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


Textbook

Analog Lab - PWM Power Controller

Analog Lab - PWM Power Controller

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a pulse-width modulator power controller for a light and learn the basics of PWM signals.


Textbook

Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

Si Lab - Bipolar Transistor as a Switch

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) to switch an LED and learn about the current their amplification.


Textbook

Rules for Derivatives

Rules for Derivatives

Constant rule Rule of sums Rule of differences Product rule Quotient…


Textbook

Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…


Textbook

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Re-drawing Complex Schematics

Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean…


Textbook

Amplifiers

Amplifiers

Practical Benefit of Active Devices The practical benefit of active…


Textbook

Nonlinear Conduction

Nonlinear Conduction

“Advances are made by answering questions. Discoveries are made…


Textbook

Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


Textbook

The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


Textbook

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Most of us have experienced some form of electric “shock,”…


Textbook

Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

The superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes…


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Averager and Summer Circuits

Averager and Summer Circuits

If we take three equal resistors and connect one end of each to a…


Textbook

Microcontroller Principles

Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…


Textbook

LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

A circuit with an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) connected in parallel or series will have a resonant frequency at which their impedances are equal. Given two of the three values—inductance, capacitance, or resonant frequency—this tool will calculate the missing third variable.


Tools

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


Textbook

Open-Loop OpAmp Circuits

Open-Loop OpAmp Circuits

Determine what the magnitude and polarity of the voltmeter’s…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

From Electric to Electronic

From Electric to Electronic

Introduction This third volume of the book series Lessons In Electric…


Textbook

Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC…


Textbook

Phasing

Phasing

Since transformers are essentially AC devices, we need to be aware of…


Textbook

Voltage and Current

Voltage and Current

As was previously mentioned, we need more than just a continuous path…


Textbook

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…


Textbook

Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


Textbook

Intro Lab - Circuit With a Switch

Intro Lab - Circuit With a Switch

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a light with a switch and learn the basics of connecting toggle (on/off) switches into circuits.


Textbook

Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map

Up to this point we have considered logic reduction problems where…


Textbook

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation

In many disciplines of science and engineering, very large and very…


Textbook

Wire Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Wire Microstrip Impedance Calculator

A helpful tool for calculating the impedance of a wire microstrip.


Tools

Band-pass Filters

Band-pass Filters

How to Create Band-pass Filter There are applications where a…


Textbook

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


Textbook

Amplifier Gain

Amplifier Gain

The Voltage Gain Because amplifiers have the ability to increase the…


Textbook

Bandpass Filter Calculator

Bandpass Filter Calculator

This calculates values of the inductance, capacitance of an inductor and capacitor used in a Butterworth LC bandpass filter.


Tools

The P-N Junction

The P-N Junction

If a block of P-type semiconductor is placed in contact with a block…


Textbook

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Schmitt trigger using a 555 timer and learn about hysteresis and the inner workings of the extremely versatile 555 timer IC.


Textbook

Soldering

Soldering

Both soldering irons and soldering guns are tools used in the process…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Analog Lab - 555 Oscillator (Astable Multivibrator)

Analog Lab - 555 Oscillator (Astable Multivibrator)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an oscillator using a 555 timer and learn the theory of operation of the 555 timer when configured as an astable multivibrator.


Textbook

Bridge Circuits

Bridge Circuits

No text on electrical metering could be called complete without a…


Textbook

Current Divider Circuits

Current Divider Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Amplifiers

Resistor Color Code Calculator and Chart—4 Band, 5 Band, or 6 Band Resistors

Resistor Color Code Calculator and Chart—4 Band, 5 Band, or 6 Band Resistors

A handy all-in-one tool for reading resistor color code values for a 4 band resistor, 5 band resistor, or 6 band resistor.


Tools

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Calculate the equivalent resistance of up to six resistors in parallel with ease while learning how to calculate resistance in parallel and the parallel resistance formula.


Tools