Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…

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Programmable Logic Technology

Define the following acronyms as they apply to digital logic circuits:…

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Programmable Logic Controllers

The Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, was invented in the late…

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Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…

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Microprocessor Programming

The “vocabulary” of instructions which any particular…

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Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

As an example of using several circuits together, we are going to make…

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Shift Registers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Encoder

What is an Encoder? An encoder is a circuit that changes a set of…

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Microprocessors

Early computer science pioneers such as Alan Turing and John Von…

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Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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555 Lab - Oscillator With Hysteresis

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an oscillator with hysteresis from a Schmitt trigger and learn how to use it to create an RC oscillator and a method to configure a 555 timer as an astable multivibrator.

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…

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Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Serial-out (PISO) Conversion

Parallel-in/ serial-out shift registers do everything that the…

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Servo Motor Systems

Explain the operation of this “H-bridge” motor control circuit: At…

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Series-Parallel DC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Demultiplexers

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one…

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Numeration Systems

Digital computers communicate with external devices through ports:…

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Digital Signals and Gates

While the binary numeration system is an interesting mathematical…

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Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…

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CMOS Gate Circuitry

Up until this point, our analysis of transistor logic circuits has…

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Digital Logic Signals

A rheostat (variable resistor) and a switch are both examples of…

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Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…

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Digital Lab - 3-bit Binary Counter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a 3-bit down counter using J-K flip-flops and learn about asynchronous counter functionality.

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The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

What Is an XOR Gate? One element conspicuously missing from the set of…

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Time-delay Relays

What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of…

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Radicals

Definition of a Radical Given the expression where “x” is…

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Circuits and the Speed of Light

Suppose we had a simple one-battery, one-lamp circuit controlled by a…

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Biasing Techniques (IGFET)

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Simple Parallel (Tank Circuit) Resonance

Resonance in a Tank Circuit A condition of resonance will be…

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Complex Circuits

What do we do if we come across a circuit more complex than the simple…

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Specific Resistance

Designing Wire Resistance Conductor ampacity rating is a crude…

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The Common-source Amplifier (IGFET)

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AC Lab - Induction Motor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

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Link Budget Calculator

A Link Budget puts into account all gains and losses a signal goes through in a system as it is transmitted. The calculator calculates the power of the received signal given amplifier and antenna gains, and medium loss.

Tools

Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Just like voltmeters, ammeters tend to influence the amount of current…

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Gas Discharge Tubes

If you’ve ever witnessed a lightning storm, you’ve seen…

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Arithmetic with Scientific Notation

The benefits of scientific notation do not end with ease of writing…

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Design Project: Logic Probe

What factors determine where potentiometers Rpot1 and Rpot2 must be…

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Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.

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Simple Vector Addition

Remember that vectors are mathematical objects just like numbers on a…

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Balanced Attenuator Calculator

This balanced attenuator calculator helps you determine the resistor (R1) values for a balanced attenuator.

Tools

Autotransformers

How much voltage is there between the following pairs of points in…

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Resonant Filters

So far, the filter designs we’ve concentrated on have employed…

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Venn Diagrams and Sets

Mathematicians use Venn diagrams to show the logical relationships of…

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Atomic Structure

Shown here is a simplified representation of an atom: the smallest…

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