All About Circuits

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Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


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Clipper Circuits

Clipper Circuits

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper.…


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Signal Modulation

Signal Modulation

A modern method of electrical power control involves inserting a…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Special-purpose Diodes

Special-purpose Diodes

Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are constructed of a metal-to-N…


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Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Battery Life Calculator

Battery Life Calculator

This calculator provides three options—basic, intermediate, and advanced—for determining expected battery life for microcontroller, Internet of Things (IoT), and edge processing systems with up to four different operating modes.


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Other Diode Technologies

Other Diode Technologies

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a…


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Example Circuits and Netlists

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…


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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Oscillators

RC Time Constant Calculator

RC Time Constant Calculator

The time constant of a series RC circuit is the product of the resistance and capacitance. Given two of the three values—resistance, capacitance, or RC time constant—this tool will calculate the missing third variable.


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Power Conversion Circuits

Power Conversion Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

In instrumentation circuitry, DC signals are often used as analog…


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Frequency and Phase Measurement

Frequency and Phase Measurement

An important electrical quantity with no equivalent in DC circuits is…


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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a parallel resonant inductor-capacitor circuit and learn about oscillation, resonant frequency, and damping.


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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Other Waveshapes

Other Waveshapes

As strange as it may seem, any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform is…


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Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Op-Amp Practical Considerations

Real operational amplifiers have some imperfections compared to an…


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Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Node Voltage Method

Node Voltage Method

The node voltage method of DC network analysis solves for unknown…


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Parallel R, L, and C

Parallel R, L, and C

We can take the same components from the series circuit and rearrange…


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AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a 12 V alternating current (AC) power supply using a step-down transformer and learn about transformer operation and the purpose of tapped windings.


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Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…


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Bridge Circuits

Bridge Circuits

No text on electrical metering could be called complete without a…


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Rectifying Diodes

Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a…


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Microcontroller Principles

Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - Oscillators

LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

A circuit with an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) connected in parallel or series will have a resonant frequency at which their impedances are equal. Given two of the three values—inductance, capacitance, or resonant frequency—this tool will calculate the missing third variable.


Tools

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…


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Analysis Techniques for Series Parallel Resistor Circuits

Analysis Techniques for Series Parallel Resistor Circuits

Guidelines to Series-Parallel Combination Circuit Analysis The goal of…


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The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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Transistors, Bipolar

Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…


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Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

In instrumentation circuitry, DC signals are often used as analog…


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Single-phase Induction Motors

Single-phase Induction Motors

A three-phase motor may be run from a single-phase power source.…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Time Constant Circuits

Time Constant Circuits

Generally speaking, how many “time constants” worth of time does…


Worksheets - Oscillators

AC Lab - Signal and Noise Coupling

AC Lab - Signal and Noise Coupling

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, power a DC motor through a multi-conductor cable to learn how AC signals are coupled between conductors and how to mitigate noise coupling.


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Magnetic Fields and Inductance

Magnetic Fields and Inductance

Whenever electrons flow through a conductor, a magnetic field will…


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Voltmeter Design

Voltmeter Design

Suppose I were about to measure an unknown voltage with a manual-range…


Worksheets - Oscillators

AC Motor Theory

AC Motor Theory

Electromechanical watt-hour meters use an aluminum disk that is spun…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Wires and Connections

Wires and Connections

Older electrical schematics showed connecting wires crossing, while…


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Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

When analyzing complex series and parallel circuits, it is easy to…


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Thermocouples

Thermocouples

Seebeck Effect An interesting phenomenon applied in the field of…


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Amplifier Impedances

Amplifier Impedances

Input impedance varies considerably with the circuit configuration…


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Thyristor Application Circuits

Thyristor Application Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Digital Display Circuits

Digital Display Circuits

What is the purpose of a seven-segment decoder circuit? What is a…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Wire Over Plane Inductance Calculator

Wire Over Plane Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a wire-over-plane setup.


Tools

Measurements of AC Magnitude

Measurements of AC Magnitude

So far we know that AC voltage alternates in polarity and AC current…


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Four-Channel Audio Mixer

Four-Channel Audio Mixer

A very common misconception students have about potentiometers is the…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Phasing

Phasing

Since transformers are essentially AC devices, we need to be aware of…


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Dielectric Strengths for Insulators

Dielectric Strengths for Insulators

Dielectric strength in kilovolts per inch (kV/in): Material*…


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Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a microstrip.


Tools

Torque Conversion Calculator

Torque Conversion Calculator

A tool designed to convert between units of torque


Tools

Ohm’s Law Practice Worksheet With Answers

Ohm’s Law Practice Worksheet With Answers

Define the following terms: energy, work, and power.


Worksheets - Oscillators

Safety Grounding

Safety Grounding

In simple AC power systems, one of the two conductors is typically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Peak Detector

Peak Detector

A peak detector is a series connection of a diode and a…


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