All About Circuits

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Battery Construction

Battery Construction

The word battery simply means a group of similar components. In…


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Thyristors

Thyristors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Digital Lab - Introduction

Digital Lab - Introduction

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test digital circuits and learn the fundamentals of digital logic circuits, including gates, counters, logic levels, hysteresis, memory, and more.


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Other Diode Technologies

Other Diode Technologies

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Center-tap Rectifier

Si Lab - Full-wave Center-tap Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a full-wave rectifier for AC to DC conversion and learn about center-tapped transformers.


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Standing Waves and Resonance

Standing Waves and Resonance

Whenever there is a mismatch of impedance between transmission line…


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Calculating Power Factor

Calculating Power Factor

As was mentioned before, the angle of this “power…


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Series-Parallel DC Circuits

Series-Parallel DC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Conductors and Insulators

Conductors and Insulators

Given two lengths of metal wire, which one will have the least…


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Fundamentals of Radio Communication

Fundamentals of Radio Communication

What does the acronym RF stand form, in reference to radio-related…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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Active-mode Operation (BJT)

Active-mode Operation (BJT)

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it…


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Oscillator Circuits

Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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AC Motor Control Circuits

AC Motor Control Circuits

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…


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DC Lab - Potato Battery

DC Lab - Potato Battery

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will create a battery from a potato (yes! a potato) and learn about the relationship between chemical energy and electric energy.


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Autotransformers

Autotransformers

How much voltage is there between the following pairs of points in…


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Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

The Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (IGFET), also known as…


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Impedance

Impedance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


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Safety Grounding

Safety Grounding

In simple AC power systems, one of the two conductors is typically…


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Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.


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High-pass Filters

High-pass Filters

A high-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-pass…


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Amplifier Impedances

Amplifier Impedances

Input impedance varies considerably with the circuit configuration…


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Questions relating to project management

Questions relating to project management

NAME:…


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Boolean Algebraic Identities

Boolean Algebraic Identities

In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all possible…


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AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

AC Lab - PC Oscilloscope

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, use a PC-based oscilloscope program to observe waveforms from a musical keyboard and learn basic oscilloscope operation.


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Circuit Effects

Circuit Effects

The principle of non-sinusoidal, repeating waveforms being equivalent…


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Op-amp Circuits

Op-amp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The Common-base Amplifier

The Common-base Amplifier

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…


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Magnetic Units of Measurement

Magnetic Units of Measurement

If the burden of two systems of measurement for common quantities…


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Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

It is a common phenomenon for the electrical resistance of a substance…


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Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


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Impedance Transformation

Impedance Transformation

Standing waves at the resonant frequency points of an open- or…


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CMOS Gate Circuitry

CMOS Gate Circuitry

Up until this point, our analysis of transistor logic circuits has…


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Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Suppose we wished to measure the resistance of some component located…


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AC Motor Theory

AC Motor Theory

Electromechanical watt-hour meters use an aluminum disk that is spun…


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Digital Lab - S-R Latch Using NOR Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Latch Using NOR Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an S-R latch using two NOR gates and learn how this type of digital memory operates, including invalid states, race conditions, and the effects of output loading.


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Digital Logic With Feedback

Digital Logic With Feedback

With simple gate and combinational logic circuits, there is a definite…


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Regulated Power Sources

Regulated Power Sources

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a…


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Insulator Breakdown Voltage

Insulator Breakdown Voltage

The atoms in insulating materials have very tightly-bound electrons,…


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Specific Resistance of Conductors

Specific Resistance of Conductors

Given two lengths of metal wire, which one will have the least…


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Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation

In many disciplines of science and engineering, very large and very…


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Energy, Work, and Power

Energy, Work, and Power

Define the following terms: energy, work, and power.


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DC Motor Theory

DC Motor Theory

If the ends of a wire loop are attached to two half-circular metal…


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Rectifying Diodes

Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Binary Addition

Binary Addition

The Rules of Binary Addition Adding binary numbers is a very simple…


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Numbers and Symbols

Numbers and Symbols

The expression of numerical quantities is something we tend to take…


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Class C BJT Amplifiers

Class C BJT Amplifiers

A common class of operation used in radio-frequency (RF) amplifier…


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Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


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Electrical Isolation

Electrical Isolation

SPICE analysis of Electrical Isolation Aside from the ability to…


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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


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Capacitance Calculator

Capacitance Calculator

This calculates the capacitance of a capacitor based on its charge, Q, and its voltage, V, according to the formula, C=Q/V.


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Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes   Yotta = 1024 Symbol: Y Zetta = 1021 Symbol: Z…


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Microphones

Microphones

Explain how a moving-coil, or dynamic microphone works. Identify how…


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Binary Overflow

Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…


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Simulating JFET Circuits Using LTspice

Simulating JFET Circuits Using LTspice

Learn about junction field effect transistors (JFETs), their equations, and how to model and simulate JFETs in LTspice.


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AC Lab - Noise Cancellation

AC Lab - Noise Cancellation

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an AC voltage source connected to speakers to learn about sound waves and the foundational principle used in noise cancelling headphones.


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Special-purpose Batteries

Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…


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Nonlinear Conduction

Nonlinear Conduction

“Advances are made by answering questions. Discoveries are made…


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