All About Circuits

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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


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Electrical Signal Types

Electrical Signal Types

With BogusBus, our signals were very simple and straightforward: each…


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AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


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Principles of Radio

Principles of Radio

One of the more fascinating applications of electricity is in the…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


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Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Selsyn (Synchro) Motors

Normally, the rotor windings of a wound rotor induction motor are…


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Signal Modulation

Signal Modulation

A modern method of electrical power control involves inserting a…


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Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Networks and Busses

Networks and Busses

The wires between the tank and the monitoring location is  called…


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Passive Filter Circuits

Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…


Worksheets - Modules

Friis Transmission Calculator

Friis Transmission Calculator

This calculator allows you to solve for any of the six variables in the Friis formula for RF transmission: transmitter power, transmitter gain, receiver power, receiver gain, frequency, or distance.


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Network Protocols

Network Protocols

Aside from the issues of the physical network (signal types and…


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Fundamentals of Radio Communication

Fundamentals of Radio Communication

What does the acronym RF stand form, in reference to radio-related…


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Standing Waves and Resonance

Standing Waves and Resonance

Whenever there is a mismatch of impedance between transmission line…


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Other Diode Technologies

Other Diode Technologies

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a…


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Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…


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Waveguides

Waveguides

A waveguide is a special form of transmission line consisting of a…


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Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


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Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

This calculator gives the reactance and admittance of an inductor or the inductance given the reactance of an inductor


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Square Wave Signals

Square Wave Signals

It has been found that any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform can be…


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Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


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Reflection Attenuator Calculator

Reflection Attenuator Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the value of resistance R1 in a reflection attenuator.


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


Worksheets - Modules

More on Spectrum Analysis

More on Spectrum Analysis

Computerized Fourier analysis, particularly in the form of the FFT…


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AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


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Microstrip Inductance Calculator

Microstrip Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a microstrip etched on a PCB.


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Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Has the system ever worked before? If yes, has anything happened to…


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Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Design Project: Radio Transmitter

Research the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) guidelines on…


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Network Protocols

Network Protocols

Aside from the issues of the physical network (signal types and…


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Power Density Calculator

Power Density Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the power density of an antenna


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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis…


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Free Space Path Loss Calculator

Free Space Path Loss Calculator

This calculator calculates the free space loss, given the distance, frequency, and gain, between two antennas.


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Noise Figure and Noise Temperature Calculator

Noise Figure and Noise Temperature Calculator

This calculator computes the noise figure and noise temperature in a system


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Susceptance and Admittance

Susceptance and Admittance

What is Conductance? In the study of DC circuits, the student of…


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Power Added Efficiency Calculator

Power Added Efficiency Calculator

A calculator designed to compute the power-added efficiency (PAE) of an amplifier


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Electric Shock

Electric Shock

It is sometimes said regarding electrical safety that, Ït’s not the…


Worksheets - Modules

Band Theory of Solids

Band Theory of Solids

Quantum physics describes the states of electrons in an atom according…


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Coax Impedance Calculator

Coax Impedance Calculator

A helpful tool for calculating the impedance of a coaxial cable.


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Capacitance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

Capacitance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

A calculator for solving the capacitance, reactance, and admittance of a capacitor.


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Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC motors were developed from conventional brushed DC motors…


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Inductor Voltage and Current Relationship

Inductor Voltage and Current Relationship

Inductors do not have a stable “resistance” as conductors…


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Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams

Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams

The fourth example has A partially overlapping B. Though, we will…


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Contributors (12)

Contributors (12)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Asynchronous Counters

Asynchronous Counters

In the previous section, we saw a circuit using one J-K flip-flop that…


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Time Constant Equations

Time Constant Equations

Value of time constant in series RC and RL circuits   Time…


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Thyristors

Thyristors

Thyristors are a broad classification of bipolar-conducting…


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The J-K Flip-Flop

The J-K Flip-Flop

Another variation on a theme of bistable multivibrators is the J-K…


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Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits

  A Logic Gate is assigned as an elementary building block of…


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Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)

Transistor Ratings and Packages (JFET)


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Convert MCD to Lumens

Convert MCD to Lumens

This calculator is useful for calculating the luminous flux for LEDs where the angle is known.


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Electron Tubes

Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…


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Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project: simple voltage divider Description: Build a…


Worksheets - Modules

Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…


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Trace Resistance Calculator

Trace Resistance Calculator

This calculator determines the resistance of a microstrip trace


Tools

Si Lab - BJT Common-collector Voltage Follower

Si Lab - BJT Common-collector Voltage Follower

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a voltage follower amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) in common-collector configuration and learn about circuit ground and impedance transformations.


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Physical Effects of Electricity

Physical Effects of Electricity

Certain substances are known to physically deform (shorten or…


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Boolean Algebraic Identities

Boolean Algebraic Identities

In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all possible…


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IGFET Quirks

IGFET Quirks


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