All About Circuits

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What Are Zener Diodes?

What Are Zener Diodes?

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying…


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Simple Circuits

Simple Circuits

Shown here is the schematic symbol for a resistor: What is the purpose…


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Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was named because its operation…


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DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will connect batteries in parallel to power a light and learn the relationship between the individual battery currents and the total system current.


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How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

How to Calculate Power in a Series and Parallel Circuit

When calculating the power dissipation of resistive components, we can…


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DC Motor Theory

DC Motor Theory

If the ends of a wire loop are attached to two half-circular metal…


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DC Lab - Series Batteries

DC Lab - Series Batteries

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will connect batteries in series and learn the relationship between the individual battery voltages and the total series voltage.


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DC Lab - Potato Battery

DC Lab - Potato Battery

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will create a battery from a potato (yes! a potato) and learn about the relationship between chemical energy and electric energy.


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Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Suppose a 12 volt lead-acid battery has an internal resistance of 20…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


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Resonant Filters

Resonant Filters

So far, the filter designs we’ve concentrated on have employed…


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Series-Parallel Combination AC Circuits

Series-Parallel Combination AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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AC Network Analysis

AC Network Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Practical Considerations - Batteries

Practical Considerations - Batteries

When connecting batteries together to form larger “banks”…


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Ohmmeter Design

Ohmmeter Design

Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…


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An Electric Pendulum

An Electric Pendulum

Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field, and…


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Capacitors

Capacitors

Identify some of the different types of capacitors, and their…


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555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Schmitt trigger using a 555 timer and learn about hysteresis and the inner workings of the extremely versatile 555 timer IC.


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Optoelectronic Devices

Optoelectronic Devices

In this circuit, the electric motor is supposed to turn on whenever…


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IGFET Amplifiers

IGFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Si Lab - Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple DC voltage regulator circuit and learn how to use reverse-biased Zener diodes as voltage clamps.


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Performance-Based Assessments for Network Analysis Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Network Analysis Competencies


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Resonant Filters

Resonant Filters

So far, the filter designs we’ve concentrated on have employed…


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DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

DC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector With Audio Output

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will construct a voltage detector with adjustable sensitivity and audio output, and you will learn a method for detecting small electrical signals without an oscilloscope.


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Beam Power Tubes

Beam Power Tubes

In the beam power tube, the basic four-element structure of the…


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Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law

For a given amount of water pressure, which will flow a greater rate…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a full-wave bridge rectifier using silicon diodes and learn some of this circuit's advantages and disadvantages.


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DC Lab - Voltage Divider

DC Lab - Voltage Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a resistive voltage divider and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.


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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

What Is Kirchhoff’s Current Law? Kirchhoff’s Current Law,…


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Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Identify some different ways you can create the sine-wave audio tracks…


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Electric Shock

Electric Shock

It is sometimes said regarding electrical safety that, Ït’s not the…


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Ohmmeter Design

Ohmmeter Design

Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…


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Characteristic Impedance

Characteristic Impedance

The Parallel Wires of Infinite Length Suppose, though, that we had a…


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Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

The superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes…


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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Thyristors

Thyristors

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are favored due…


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Some Examples with AC Circuits

Some Examples with AC Circuits

Let’s connect three AC voltage sources in series and use complex…


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Non-right Triangle Trigonometry

Non-right Triangle Trigonometry

The Law of Sines (for any triangle) The Law of Cosines (for any…


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Voltage Divider Circuits

Voltage Divider Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Square Wave Signals

Square Wave Signals

It has been found that any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform can be…


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AC phase

AC phase

If we were to express the series-connected DC voltages as phasors…


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Electrical Signal Types

Electrical Signal Types

With BogusBus, our signals were very simple and straightforward: each…


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Hand Calculator Use

Hand Calculator Use

To enter numbers in scientific notation into a hand calculator, there…


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Voltage Signal Systems

Voltage Signal Systems

The use of variable voltage for instrumentation signals seems a rather…


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Amplifier Circuits

Amplifier Circuits

Note, Q3 and Q4 in the figure below are complementary, NPN and PNP…


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Phasing

Phasing

Since transformers are essentially AC devices, we need to be aware of…


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The Antiderivative (Indefinite Integral)

The Antiderivative (Indefinite Integral)

  Notice something important here: taking the derivative of f(x)…


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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


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Millman’s Theorem Revisited

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…


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Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Label where each of the following electrical quantities would be found…


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Example Circuits and Netlists

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…


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Ring Counters

Ring Counters

If the output of a shift register is fed back to the input. a ring…


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Boolean Rules for Simplification

Boolean Rules for Simplification

Boolean algebra finds its most practical use in the simplification of…


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Strain Gauges

Strain Gauges

If a strip of conductive metal is stretched, it will become skinnier…


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Microstrip Inductance Calculator

Microstrip Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a microstrip etched on a PCB.


Tools

Contributors (9)

Contributors (9)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Amplifiers

Amplifiers

Practical Benefit of Active Devices The practical benefit of active…


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