Negative Binary Numbers

With addition being easily accomplished, we can perform the operation…

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Binary Overflow

One caveat with signed binary numbers is that of overflow, where the…

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Introduction to Shift Registers

Shift registers, like counters, are a form of sequential…

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Quantum Devices

Most integrated circuits are digital, based on MOS (CMOS) transistors.…

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Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…

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Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.

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Si Lab - Intro to Discrete Semiconductor Circuits

In these hands-on semiconductor electronics experiments, learn to build and test circuits using discrete silicon (Si) devices, including diodes and transistors. Also, learn important circuit designs, including rectifiers, current mirrors, amplifiers, and oscillators.

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Decoder

A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It…

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Finite State Machines

Up to now, every circuit that was presented was a combinatorial…

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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits, logical control…

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Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…

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AC Motor Control Circuits

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…

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Practical considerations - Digital Communication

A principal consideration for industrial control networks, where the…

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Resistor Color Code Calculator and Chart—4 Band, 5 Band, or 6 Band Resistors

A handy all-in-one tool for reading resistor color code values for a 4 band resistor, 5 band resistor, or 6 band resistor.

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Synchronous Counters

What is a Synchronous Counter? A synchronous counter, in contrast to…

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Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…

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Performance-Based Assessments for Semiconductor Circuit Competencies

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Binary Addition

The Rules of Binary Addition Adding binary numbers is a very simple…

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Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…

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Programmable Logic Technology

Define the following acronyms as they apply to digital logic circuits:…

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Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) current regulator and learn some of the advantages of JFETs over BJTs for current regulation.

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Oscillator Circuits

Phase shift oscillator. R1C1, R2C2, and R3C3 each provide 60° of…

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Ohm’s Law Calculator

Calculate circuit parameters using Ohm's Law

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AC Lab - Automotive Alternator as AC Generator

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an automotive alternator to generate three-phase AC voltage and learn how alternators can function as both generators and motors.

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DC Lab - An Analog Computer For Averaging

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple circuit that computes the average of voltages and learn about analog computers and their application.

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Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test an automated circuit that sequentially flashes 10 LED, and learn about counters, frequency dividers, and switch debouncing.

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Voltage, Current, and Resistance

Voltage is commonly defined as “electrical pressure.” The unit of…

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Protective Relays

A special type of relay is one that monitors the current, voltage,…

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Practical Considerations - Transformers

Power Capacity As has already been observed, transformers must be well…

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Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Electromechanical relays used to start and stop high-power electric…

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DC Metrology

Define the following metrological terms: • Uncertainty • Accuracy…

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Power in Resistive and Reactive AC circuits

Consider a circuit for a single-phase AC power system, where a 120…

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Peak Voltage Calculator

The peak voltage calculator calculates peak voltage values from the peak-to-peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.

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Peak, Average, and RMS Measurements

How is it possible to assign a fixed value of voltage or current (such…

Worksheets - Real-Time Operating System

Simultaneous Equations for Circuit Analysis

Solve this equation for the value of x: x + 5 = 8 How many exact…

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Asynchronous Counters

In the previous section, we saw a circuit using one J-K flip-flop that…

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Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…

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What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…

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Edge-triggered Latches: Flip-Flops

So far, we’ve studied both S-R and D latch circuits with enable…

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Measurement Circuits

Figure below shows a photodiode amplifier for measuring low levels of…

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