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Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Input Voltages for Logic Gates Logic gate circuits are designed to…


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What is a Filter?

What is a Filter?

It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively…


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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Successive Approximation ADC

Successive Approximation ADC

One method of addressing the digital ramp ADC’s shortcomings is…


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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…


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Introduction to Digital Communication

Introduction to Digital Communication

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…


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Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


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Voltage Signal Systems

Voltage Signal Systems

The use of variable voltage for instrumentation signals seems a rather…


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Passive Filter Circuits

Passive Filter Circuits

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…


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Flash ADC

Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…


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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…


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Polyphase Motor Design

Polyphase Motor Design

AC Motors Perhaps the most important benefit of polyphase AC power…


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AC Lab - Signal and Noise Coupling

AC Lab - Signal and Noise Coupling

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, power a DC motor through a multi-conductor cable to learn how AC signals are coupled between conductors and how to mitigate noise coupling.


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Current Signal Systems

Current Signal Systems

Current Source It is possible through the use of electronic amplifiers…


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The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC circuit is an alternative to the binary-weighted-input…


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Shift Registers

Shift Registers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Latch Circuits

Latch Circuits

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

In this hands-on semiconductor experiment, build an improved full-wave rectifier with output filtering and learn about capacitive filtering in AC-to-DC power converters.


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Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

Voltage-to-Current Signal Conversion

In instrumentation circuitry, DC signals are often used as analog…


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Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits

Perhaps the most important consideration of an ADC is its resolution.…


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Transistors, Bipolar

Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…


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General Troubleshooting Tips

General Troubleshooting Tips

When first approaching a failed or otherwise misbehaving system, the…


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Superconducting Devices

Superconducting Devices

Superconducting devices, though not widely used, have some unique…


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Sum and Product Notation

Sum and Product Notation

For reference, this section introduces the terminology used in some…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Center-tap Rectifier

Si Lab - Full-wave Center-tap Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a full-wave rectifier for AC to DC conversion and learn about center-tapped transformers.


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Electrons and “holes’’

Electrons and “holes’’

Pure semiconductors are relatively good insulators as compared with…


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AC Lab - Phase Shift in a Capacitive Circuit

AC Lab - Phase Shift in a Capacitive Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple RC circuit that demonstrates phase shift and learn how out-of-phase AC voltages do not add algebraically.


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Why digital?

Why digital?

Although many textbooks provide good introductions to digital memory…


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Current Signal Systems

Current Signal Systems

Current Source It is possible through the use of electronic amplifiers…


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Safe Meter Usage

Safe Meter Usage

Using an electrical meter safely and efficiently is perhaps the most…


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Summary of Filters

Summary of Filters

As lengthy as this chapter has been up to this point, it only begins…


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Microcontroller Principles

Microcontroller Principles

Read the following quotation, and then research the term…


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JFET Amplifiers

JFET Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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A 50-Ohm Cable?

A 50-Ohm Cable?

Early in my explorations of electricity, I came across a length of…


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Contributors (5)

Contributors (5)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Op-amp Circuits

Op-amp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Building a Differential Amplifier

Building a Differential Amplifier

Differential Op-Amp Circuits An op-amp with no feedback is already a…


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Half-Adder

Half-Adder

As a first example of useful combinational logic, let’s build a…


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Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions

Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions

So far in our discussions on electricity and electric circuits, we…


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TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…


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Half-Adder

Half-Adder

As a first example of useful combinational logic, let’s build a…


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Capacitor Charge and Time Constant Calculator

Capacitor Charge and Time Constant Calculator

This calculator computes for the capacitor charge time and energy, given the supply voltage and the added series resistance.


Tools

555 Lab - Red LED Flasher

555 Lab - Red LED Flasher

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a red LED flasher and learn a useful application of the versatile 555 timer IC.


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Active-mode Operation (IGFET)

Active-mode Operation (IGFET)


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SPICE Models

SPICE Models

The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in…


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Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

When analyzing complex series and parallel circuits, it is easy to…


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Contributors (5)

Contributors (5)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will connect batteries in parallel to power a light and learn the relationship between the individual battery currents and the total system current.


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AC Circuit Equations

AC Circuit Equations

Inductive Reactance     Capacitive Reactance    …


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Multiplexers

Multiplexers

A multiplexer, abbreviated mux, is a device that has multiple inputs…


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Power in Resistive and Reactive AC circuits

Power in Resistive and Reactive AC circuits

Consider a circuit for a single-phase AC power system, where a 120…


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Ohm’s Law (again!)

Ohm’s Law (again!)

A common phrase heard in reference to electrical safety goes something…


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Asynchronous Counters

Asynchronous Counters

In the previous section, we saw a circuit using one J-K flip-flop that…


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Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes

Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes

Write the following exponential expressions in expanded form: 101 =…


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JFET Biasing Techniques

JFET Biasing Techniques

Using an example, learn about the different bias techniques for junction field effect transistors (JFETs) like the constant voltage bias, self-bias configuration, and voltage divider biasing.


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Transistors, junction field-effect (JFET)

Transistors, junction field-effect (JFET)

Note that the direction of the arrow at the gate indicates the…


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Display Tubes

Display Tubes

In addition to performing tasks of amplification and switching, tubes…


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