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Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Textbook

Input Voltages for Logic Gates Logic gate circuits are designed to…

Design Project: Signal Generator

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Explain the principle of operation for the particular integrated…

Harmonics in Polyphase Power Systems

Textbook

In the chapter on mixed-frequency signals, we explored the concept of…

Design Project: Audio Media-Based Signal Generator

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Identify some different ways you can create the sine-wave audio tracks…

Biasing Techniques (BJT)

Textbook

In the common-emitter section of this chapter, we saw a SPICE analysis…

Mixed-Frequency Signals

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Introduction to Digital Communication

Textbook

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…

Polyphase Power Systems

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Explain the difference between a balanced polyphase system and an…

Passive Filter Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

In very simple, qualitative terms, rate the impedance of capacitors…

Calculus for Electric Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Calculus is a branch of mathematics that…

Tracking ADC

Textbook

A third variation on the counter-DAC-based converter theme is, in my…

Latch Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

What do you think this logic buffer gate will do, with the output…

Voltage Signal Systems

Textbook

The use of variable voltage for instrumentation signals seems a rather…

Current Signal Systems

Textbook

Current Source It is possible through the use of electronic amplifiers…

AC Lab - Signal and Noise Coupling

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, power a DC motor through a multi-conductor cable to learn how AC signals are coupled between conductors and how to mitigate noise coupling.

Analog and Digital Signals

Textbook

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…

Flash ADC

Textbook

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…

Successive Approximation ADC

Textbook

One method of addressing the digital ramp ADC’s shortcomings is…

Delta-Sigma ADC

Textbook

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…

Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

Textbook

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a…

Special-output Gates

Textbook

Complementary Output Gates It is sometimes desirable to have a logic…

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.

Questions to Ask Before Proceeding

Textbook

Has the system ever worked before? If yes, has anything happened to…

Resistor Color Codes

Textbook

Try out our Resistor Color Code Calculator in our Tools section.…

Octal and Hexadecimal Numeration

Textbook

Because binary numeration requires so many bits to represent…

Voltmeter Design

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Suppose I were about to measure an unknown voltage with a manual-range…

The Common-base Amplifier

Textbook

The final transistor amplifier configuration (Figure below) we need to…

Introduction to Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors

Textbook

As was stated in the last chapter, there is more than one type of…

Low-pass Filters

Textbook

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…

Current Signal Systems

Textbook

Current Source It is possible through the use of electronic amplifiers…

Contributors (16)

Textbook

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…

Protective Relay Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Protective relays are special power-sensing devices whose job it is to…

SPICE Models

Textbook

The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in…

Ohm’s Law Practice Worksheet With Answers

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Define the following terms: energy, work, and power.

AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a 12 V alternating current (AC) power supply using a step-down transformer and learn about transformer operation and the purpose of tapped windings.

Mutual Inductance and Basic Operation

Textbook

Behaviors of Inductors wrapped around a Conductive Core Suppose we…

AC Lab - Sensitive Voltage Detector with Audio Output

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will construct a voltage detector with adjustable sensitivity and audio output, and you will learn a method for detecting small electrical signals without an oscilloscope.

Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

When a PCB designer speaks of dimensions in thous or mils, what does…

Microphones

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Explain how a moving-coil, or dynamic microphone works. Identify how…

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Textbook

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Textbook

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…

Superposition Theorem

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Basic identities

Textbook

Additive Identity a + 0 = a Multiplicative Identity 1a = a…

Design Project: Audio Power Amplifier

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Explain how the microphone in your amplifier works. How, exactly, does…

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

Tools

A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip.

Measurement Circuits

Textbook

Figure below shows a photodiode amplifier for measuring low levels of…

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Textbook

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…

DC Lab - Capacitor Charging and Discharging

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build capacitor charging and discharging circuits and learn how to calculate the RC time constant of resistor-capacitor circuits.

Simple Vector Addition

Textbook

Remember that vectors are mathematical objects just like numbers on a…

Introduction to Junction Field-effect Transistors (JFET)

Textbook

A transistor is a semiconductor device that controls current with the…

Power Supply Circuits

Textbook

There are three major kinds of power supplies: unregulated (also…

Op-amp Circuits

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

Series-parallel R, L, and C

Textbook

Now that we’ve seen how series and parallel AC circuit analysis…

Finite-state Machine

Textbook

Feedback is a fascinating engineering principle. It can turn a rather…

The Tetrode

Textbook

As the name suggests, the tetrode tube contains four elements: cathode…

Power Sources

Textbook

There are many different types of power sources, and here some of the…

Wound Rotor Induction Motors

Textbook

A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like a squirrel cage…

Insulated-gate Field-effect Transistors (MOSFET)

Textbook

The Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistor (IGFET), also known as…

Optoelectronic Devices

Worksheets - Digital Signal Processing

In this circuit, the electric motor is supposed to turn on whenever…