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Winding Configurations

Textbook

Transformers with Multiple Secondaries Transformers are very versatile…

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.

Electrical Isolation

Textbook

SPICE analysis of Electrical Isolation Aside from the ability to…

Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Textbook

Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are favored due…

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Textbook

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…

AC Lab - Large Induction Motor

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a large AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

AC Lab - Induction Motor

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple AC permanent capacitor split-phase induction motor and learn the principles of AC induction motor function.

Parallel Resistor Calculator

Tools

Calculate the equivalent resistance of up to six resistors in parallel with ease while learning how to calculate resistance in parallel and the parallel resistance formula.

Relay Construction

Textbook

Electricity and Magnetism An electric current through a conductor will…

The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

Textbook

Shockley Diodes and Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Shockley…

AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will sense AC magnetic fields using a simple wire coil and learn about AC signal coupling, orientation effects, and the impact of shielding using different materials.

Networks and Busses

Textbook

The wires between the tank and the monitoring location is  called…

Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

Tools

This calculator helps determine the resistance of a variable resistor within a Wheatstone bridge circuit or the differential voltage created across the bridge terminals.

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…

Bipolar Junction Transistors as Switches

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

Solid-state switching circuits usually keep their constituent…

Network Topology

Textbook

Point-to-Point Connecting two digital devices with a network, would…

Stepper Motors

Textbook

Stepper Motor vs Servo Motor A stepper motor is a…

Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

Tools

This calculator will convert pressure values to ten different standard units for pressure.

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.

DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a thermocouple to measure temperature changes and learn about the Seebeck effect.

What Are Zener Diodes?

Textbook

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying…

Electrical Transients

Textbook

This chapter explores the response of capacitors and inductors to…

Circuit Simplification Examples

Textbook

Let’s begin with a semiconductor gate circuit in need of…

Circuit Components

Textbook

Remember that this tutorial is not exhaustive by any means, and that…

Contributors (2)

Textbook

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…

AC Lab - Using a Transformer to Build a 12 VAC Power Supply

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a 12 V alternating current (AC) power supply using a step-down transformer and learn about transformer operation and the purpose of tapped windings.

Lenz’s Law and Faraday’s Law Calculator

Tools

This calculator uses Faraday's and Lenz's laws to calculate the magnitude and polarity of the induced electromotive force (EMF) caused by a change in magnetic flux through a closed-loop coil.

Historical, Nonmechanical Memory Technologies

Textbook

Perhaps the most ingenious technique was that of the delay line. A…

Karnaugh Maps, Truth Tables, and Boolean Expressions

Textbook

Who Developed the Karnaugh Map? Maurice Karnaugh, a…

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

It is a common phenomenon for the electrical resistance of a substance…

Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits

Textbook

In the last section, we learned what would happen in simple…

555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a multiple LED flasher and learn how to use inductive flyback to generate a voltage pulse that is greater than the supply voltage.

AC Voltmeters and Ammeters

Textbook

AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic arrangements:…

The J-K Flip-Flop

Textbook

Another variation on a theme of bistable multivibrators is the J-K…

Absolute dB scales

Textbook

Decibel as Absolute Unit of Power It is also possible to use the…

Stepper Motor Calculator

Tools

A tool designed to calculate the maximum speed, minimum time per step and maximum power of a stepper motor

Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…

Magnetic Fields and Inductance

Textbook

Whenever electrons flow through a conductor, a magnetic field will…

LC Tank Circuit Resonance Calculator

Tools

This calculator computes the resonant frequency of a parallel inductor and capacitor "tank" circuit.

Sources of Electricity

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

What is the difference between DC and AC electricity? Identify some…

An Analogy for Divided Feedback

Textbook

A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier…

Electron Tubes

Textbook

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…

DC Lab - An Analog Computer For Averaging

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a simple circuit that computes the average of voltages and learn about analog computers and their application.

Electrons and “holes’’

Textbook

Pure semiconductors are relatively good insulators as compared with…

Control Circuits

Textbook

The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

Textbook

Bipolar junction transistors (Also known as BJTs) can be used as an…

Asynchronous Counters

Textbook

In the previous section, we saw a circuit using one J-K flip-flop that…

Component Modeling

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

When plotted on a curve tracer, the characteristic curve for a normal…

The D Latch

Textbook

Since the enable input on a gated S-R latch provides a way to latch…

SPICE Simulation of Series and Parallel Circuits

Textbook

Previously, we examined series circuits and parallel circuits using…

Analog Lab - Introduction

Textbook

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build analog circuits, including amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, and more. Following the step-by-step instructions will help you understand and appreciate analog systems.

Basic Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

When lightning strikes, nearby magnetic compass needles may be seen to…

Millman’s Theorem

Textbook

In Millman’s Theorem, the circuit is re-drawn as a parallel…

Stepper Motor Calculator

Tools

A tool designed to calculate the maximum speed, minimum time per step and maximum power of a stepper motor

Algebraic Substitution for Electric Circuits

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

There are two basic Ohm’s Law equations: one relating voltage,…

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

AC Lab - Automotive Alternator as AC Generator

Textbook

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an automotive alternator to generate three-phase AC voltage and learn how alternators can function as both generators and motors.

Microstrip Inductance Calculator

Tools

This calculator computes the inductance of a microstrip etched on a PCB.

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

Textbook

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.

AC Waveforms

Worksheets - Industrial Automation

Radio waves are comprised of oscillating electric and magnetic fields,…