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Universal Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Parallel-out

Universal Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Parallel-out

The purpose of the parallel-in/ parallel-out shift register is to take…


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Fail-safe Design

Fail-safe Design

Logic circuits, whether comprised of electromechanical relays or…


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The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

What Is an XOR Gate? One element conspicuously missing from the set of…


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Boolean Rules for Simplification

Boolean Rules for Simplification

Boolean algebra finds its most practical use in the simplification of…


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Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test an automated circuit that sequentially flashes 10 LED, and learn about counters, frequency dividers, and switch debouncing.


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Light-Pulse Switch

Light-Pulse Switch

It is fairly important to use large value resistors (10 MΩ works…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

CMOS Logic Gates

CMOS Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

DIP Gate Packaging

DIP Gate Packaging

Digital logic gate circuits are manufactured as integrated circuits:…


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Digital Display Circuits

Digital Display Circuits

What is the purpose of a seven-segment decoder circuit? What is a…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

CMOS Gate Circuitry

CMOS Gate Circuitry

Up until this point, our analysis of transistor logic circuits has…


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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

If a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal is sent to a passive…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Multiple-input Gates

Multiple-input Gates

The Use of Logic Gate Inverters and buffers exhaust the possibilities…


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Switch Types

Switch Types

Though it may seem strange to cover the elementary topic of electrical…


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Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

(Template)


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Gate Universality

Gate Universality

NAND and NOR gates possess a special property: they are universal.…


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Relay Construction

Relay Construction

Electricity and Magnetism An electric current through a conductor will…


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Introduction to Karnaugh Mapping

Introduction to Karnaugh Mapping

Why learn about Karnaugh maps? The Karnaugh map, like Boolean…


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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

The circuit shown here is a four-bit analog-to-digital converter…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

High-Reliability Circuits

High-Reliability Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze relay…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Minterm vs Maxterm Solution

Minterm vs Maxterm Solution

So far we have been finding Sum-Of-Product (SOP) solutions to logic…


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Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

As an example of using several circuits together, we are going to make…


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Historical, Nonmechanical Memory Technologies

Historical, Nonmechanical Memory Technologies

Perhaps the most ingenious technique was that of the delay line. A…


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The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC circuit is an alternative to the binary-weighted-input…


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555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a multiple LED flasher and learn how to use inductive flyback to generate a voltage pulse that is greater than the supply voltage.


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Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Shift Registers: Serial-in, Serial-out

Serial-in, serial-out shift registers delay data by one clock time for…


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Delta-Sigma ADC

Delta-Sigma ADC

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…


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555 Lab - Introduction to the 555 Timer IC

555 Lab - Introduction to the 555 Timer IC

In this collection of hands-on electronics experiments, build and test mixed-signal analog and digital circuits using the versatile 555 timer IC. These projects will teach you about RC time constants, duty cycle, transistor current drive, LEDs, voltage doublers, and more.


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Digital Logic With Feedback

Digital Logic With Feedback

With simple gate and combinational logic circuits, there is a definite…


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Finite-state Machine

Finite-state Machine

Feedback is a fascinating engineering principle. It can turn a rather…


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Basic Electromagnetic Relays

Basic Electromagnetic Relays

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze relay…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

555 Lab - Oscillator With Hysteresis

555 Lab - Oscillator With Hysteresis

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an oscillator with hysteresis from a Schmitt trigger and learn how to use it to create an RC oscillator and a method to configure a 555 timer as an astable multivibrator.


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Memory Devices

Memory Devices

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Decimal versus Binary Numeration

Decimal versus Binary Numeration

Let’s count from zero to twenty using four different kinds of…


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Computational Circuits

Computational Circuits

When someone mentions the word “computer,” a digital…


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Digital Ramp ADC

Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…


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Binary Math Circuits

Binary Math Circuits

Add the following binary numbers:


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Oscillator Circuits

Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…


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Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Step-up, Step-down, and Isolation Transformers

Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch

Bipolar junction transistors (Also known as BJTs) can be used as an…


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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Encoders and Decoders

Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

When a PCB designer speaks of dimensions in thous or mils, what does…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Conversion From Decimal Numeration

Conversion From Decimal Numeration

Because octal and hexadecimal numeration systems have bases that are…


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Contributors (8)

Contributors (8)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Boolean Algebraic Identities

Boolean Algebraic Identities

In mathematics, an identity is a statement true for all possible…


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Superconductivity

Superconductivity

Conductors lose all of their electrical resistance when cooled to…


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Resistance

Resistance

The circuit in the previous section is not a very practical one. In…


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Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

Microstrip Wavelength Calculator

A tool designed to calculate the guided wavelength inside a microstrip.


Tools

Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

The Importance of Electrical Safety

The Importance of Electrical Safety

With this lesson, I hope to avoid a common mistake found in…


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Design Project: Logic Probe

Design Project: Logic Probe

What factors determine where potentiometers Rpot1 and Rpot2 must be…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Copper Wire Ampacity Table

Copper Wire Ampacity Table

Ampacities of copper wire, in free air at 30o C: INSULATION TYPE…


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Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator

This tool calculates the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna given the desired operating frequency.


Tools

BJT Quirks

BJT Quirks

An ideal transistor would show 0% distortion in amplifying a signal.…


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Capacitive Reactance

Capacitive Reactance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Discrete Logic

Bridged-Tee Attenuator Calculator

Bridged-Tee Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a bridged-tee attenuator.


Tools

Practical Power Factor Correction

Practical Power Factor Correction

When the need arises to correct for poor power factor in an AC power…


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