All About Circuits

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Look-up Tables

Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…


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Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

This calculator will convert pressure values to ten different standard units for pressure.


Tools

DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

DC Lab - Thermoelectricity

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a thermocouple to measure temperature changes and learn about the Seebeck effect.


Textbook

Voltage Divider Calculator

Voltage Divider Calculator

The voltage divider is a circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage.


Tools

Thermocouples

Thermocouples

Seebeck Effect An interesting phenomenon applied in the field of…


Textbook

Si Lab - Differential Amplifier

Si Lab - Differential Amplifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a BJT differential amplifier and learn about a fundamental building block that is the basis of most operational amplifiers.


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Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

Si Lab - JFET Switching Circuit and Static Electricity Sensor

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, use a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) to build a sensitive switching circuit and learn about JFET current gain.


Textbook

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


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Building a Differential Amplifier

Building a Differential Amplifier

Differential Op-Amp Circuits An op-amp with no feedback is already a…


Textbook

DC Lab - 4-wire Resistance Measurement

DC Lab - 4-wire Resistance Measurement

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will perform a 4-wire Kelvin resistance measurement and learn how to accurately measure resistance.


Textbook

Switches, Process Actuated

Switches, Process Actuated

It is very important to keep in mind that the “normal”…


Textbook

Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC motors were developed from conventional brushed DC motors…


Textbook

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.


Textbook

AC Instrumentation Transducers

AC Instrumentation Transducers

Just as devices have been made to measure certain physical quantities…


Textbook

Permanent Magnets

Permanent Magnets

Centuries ago, it was discovered that certain types of mineral rock…


Textbook

Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers

For ease of drawing complex circuit diagrams, electronic amplifiers…


Textbook

Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

This calculator helps determine the resistance of a variable resistor within a Wheatstone bridge circuit or the differential voltage created across the bridge terminals.


Tools

Strain Gauges

Strain Gauges

If a strip of conductive metal is stretched, it will become skinnier…


Textbook

AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

AC Lab - Sensing AC Magnetic Fields

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will sense AC magnetic fields using a simple wire coil and learn about AC signal coupling, orientation effects, and the impact of shielding using different materials.


Textbook

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Most of us have experienced some form of electric “shock,”…


Textbook

Look-up Tables

Look-up Tables

Having learned about digital memory devices in the last chapter, we…


Textbook

Differentiator and Integrator Circuits

Differentiator and Integrator Circuits

By introducing electrical reactance into the feedback loops of an…


Textbook

Synchronous Motors

Synchronous Motors

Single Phase Synchronous Motors Single-phase synchronous motors are…


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pH Measurement

pH Measurement

A very important measurement in many liquid chemical processes…


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Digital Ramp ADC

Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…


Textbook

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


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Amplifier Circuits

Amplifier Circuits

Note, Q3 and Q4 in the figure below are complementary, NPN and PNP…


Textbook

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use series and parallel resistor networks to precisely adjust the range and zero point of a rheostat.


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Superconducting Devices

Superconducting Devices

Superconducting devices, though not widely used, have some unique…


Textbook

Pi Attenuator Calculator

Pi Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a Pi Attenuator.


Tools

DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

DC Lab - Precision Potentiometer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a precision potentiometer from three lower precision potentiometer and learn about voltage range compression and parameter interactions.


Textbook

Intro Lab - Electromagnetic Induction

Intro Lab - Electromagnetic Induction

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will learn about electromagnetic induction using an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.


Textbook

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

What is Norton’s Theorem and the Norton Equivalent Circuit?

This article explains the step-by-step process for determining the…


Textbook

Class C BJT Amplifiers

Class C BJT Amplifiers

A common class of operation used in radio-frequency (RF) amplifier…


Worksheets - Environmental Sensors

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Environmental Sensors

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

DC Lab - Potentiometer as a Rheostat

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use a potentiometer as a variable resistor to control the speed of a motor and learn how to connect a potentiometer as a rheostat.


Textbook

Static Electricity

Static Electricity

It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would…


Textbook

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…


Textbook

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for an inverting op-amp.


Tools

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…


Textbook

Transistors, Bipolar

Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…


Textbook

Multiplexers

Multiplexers

A multiplexer, abbreviated mux, is a device that has multiple inputs…


Textbook

Solid-state Relays

Solid-state Relays

Limitations of Electromechanical Relays As versatile as…


Textbook

Lock-out / Tag-out

Lock-out / Tag-out

In this motor control circuit, how would you ensure that there is no…


Worksheets - Environmental Sensors