Copper Wire Gauge Table

Solid Copper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…

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Performance-Based Assessments for Basic Electricity Competencies

(Template)

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Minterm vs Maxterm Solution

So far we have been finding Sum-Of-Product (SOP) solutions to logic…

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Encoders and Decoders

What does it mean, in general terms, to encode something? Conversely,…

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Microstrip Inductance Calculator

This calculator computes the inductance of a microstrip etched on a PCB.

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Factors Affecting Inductance

There are four basic factors of inductor construction determining the…

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Stripline Trace Width Calculator

A calculator designed to calculate the trace width of a stripline based on the maximum current rating

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Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…

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Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This tool helps calculate the impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip.

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Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip.

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Basic Circuit Troubleshooting

Determine if the light bulb will de-energize for each of the following…

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Meter Check of a Diode

The Functionality of Diode Polarity Being able to determine the…

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Design Project: Power Inverter

A common topology for DC-AC power converter circuits uses a pair of…

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Practical Considerations - Capacitors

Capacitors, like all electrical components, have limitations that must…

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Basic Oscilloscope Operation

An oscilloscope is a very useful piece of electronic test equipment.…

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Basic Ammeter Use

Show how this ammeter would be connected to the light bulb circuit to…

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Polyphase Power Systems

Explain the difference between a balanced polyphase system and an…

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Elementary Circuits

In the simplest terms you can think of, define what an electrical…

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Stripline Crosstalk Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate cross-talk coefficient and coupled voltage for a stripline

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Rectifying Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…

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Computational Circuits

When someone mentions the word “computer,” a digital…

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Torque Conversion Calculator

A tool designed to convert between units of torque

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Series and Parallel Capacitors

When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance is…

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The Common-gate Amplifier (IGFET)

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TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…

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Solid-state Relays

Limitations of Electromechanical Relays As versatile as…

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Summary of Filters

As lengthy as this chapter has been up to this point, it only begins…

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Amplifier Circuits

Note, Q3 and Q4 in the figure below are complementary, NPN and PNP…

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More on Spectrum Analysis

Computerized Fourier analysis, particularly in the form of the FFT…

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Design Project: Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Signal Generator

What shape of voltage waveform would you expect to measure (using an…

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Introduction to Digital Communication

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…

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Using Multiple Combinational Circuits

As an example of using several circuits together, we are going to make…

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Atomic Structure

Shown here is a simplified representation of an atom: the smallest…

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Half-Adder

As a first example of useful combinational logic, let’s build a…

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Time-Delay Electromechanical Relays

What does the normal status of an electrical switch refer to?…

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Step-up and Step-down Transformers

So far, we’ve observed simulations of transformers where the…

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Biasing Techniques (IGFET)

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Practical Considerations - Transformers

Power Capacity As has already been observed, transformers must be well…

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Basic identities

Additive Identity a + 0 = a Multiplicative Identity 1a = a…

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Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Just like voltmeters, ammeters tend to influence the amount of current…

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