Analog {if 0}- Education

2-wire analog outputs with precision DACs

De Forest’s Audion tube came to be known as the triode tube because it had three elements: filament, grid, and plate (just as the “di” in the name diode refers to two elements, filament, and plate). Later developments in diode tube technology led to the refinement of the electron emitter: instead of using the filament directly as the emissive element, another metal strip called the cathode could be heated

Resonance in a Tank Circuit A condition of resonance will be experienced in a tank circuit when the reactance of the capacitor and inductor are equal to each other. Because inductive reactance increases with increasing frequency and capacitive reactance decreases with increasing frequency, there will only be one frequency where these two reactances will be equal. Example: Simple parallel resonant circuit (tank circuit). In the above circuit, we have a 10 �

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically analyze circuits requires much study and practice. Typically, students practice by working through lots of sample problems and checking their answers against those provided by the textbook or the instructor. While this is good, there is a much better way. You will learn much more by actually building and analyzing real circuits, letting your test equipment provide the “answers” instead

Thevenin’s Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load. The qualification of “linear” is identical to that found in the Superposition Theorem, where all the underlying equations must be linear (no exponents or roots). If we’re dealing with passive components (such as resistors, and

PARTS AND MATERIALS One 9V Battery Battery Clip (Radio Shack catalog # 270-325) Mini Hook Clips (soldered to Battery Clip, Radio Shack catalog # 270-372) One Potentiometer, 10 KΩ, 15-Turn (Radio Shack catalog # 271-343) One 555 timer IC (Radio Shack catalog # 276-1723) One red light-emitting diode (Radio Shack catalog # 276-041 or equivalent) One green light-emitting diode (Radio Shack catalog # 276-022 or equivalent) Two 1 KΩ Resistors One DVM (Digital Volt Meter) or VOM (Volt Ohm

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 ushered in a revolution in electronics. Technical feats previously requiring relatively large, mechanically fragile, power-hungry vacuum tubes were suddenly achievable with tiny, mechanically rugged, power-thrifty specks of crystalline silicon. This revolution made possible the design and manufacture of lightweight, inexpensive electronic devices that we now take for granted. Understanding how transistors function is of paramount importance to anyone interested in understanding modern electronics.

The interlock contacts installed in the previous section’s motor control circuit work fine, but the motor will run only as long as each push button switch is held down. If we wanted to keep the motor running even after the operator takes his or her hand off the control switch(es), we could change the circuit in a couple of different ways: we could replace the push button switches

Determine what the magnitude and polarity of the voltmeter’s indication will be in each case:

A parallel circuit is often called a current divider for its ability to proportion—or divide—the total current into fractional parts. To understand what this means, let’s first analyze a simple parallel circuit, determining the branch currents through individual resistors Knowing that voltages across all components in a parallel circuit are the same, we can fill in our voltage/current/resistance table with 6 volts across the top row:

We're concluding Section 11.1. We start out with a discussion of common-mode versus differential-mode gain. Differential-load voltage gain is the gain given to a voltage that appears between the two input terminals. It represents two different voltages on the inputs. Recall that a differential amplifier amplifies the difference and with an operational amp, the input stage is a differential amp so it will amplify the difference between the two voltages on

Typically, complex circuits are not arranged in nice, neat, clean schematic diagrams for us to follow. They are often drawn in such a way that makes it difficult to follow which components are in series and which are in parallel with each other. The purpose of this section is to show you a method useful for redrawing circuit schematics in a neat and orderly fashion. Like the stage-reduction strategy for

For ease of drawing complex circuit diagrams, electronic amplifiers are often symbolized by a simple triangle shape, where the internal components are not individually represented. This symbology is very handy for cases where an amplifier’s construction is irrelevant to the greater function of the overall circuit, and it is worthy of familiarization: The +V and -V connections denote the positive and negative sides of the DC power supply, respectively.

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically analyze circuits requires much study and practice. Typically, students practice by working through lots of sample problems and checking their answers against those provided by the textbook or the instructor. While this is good, there is a much better way. You will learn much more by actually building and analyzing real circuits, letting your test equipment provide the “answers” instead

Behaviors of Inductors wrapped around a Conductive Core Suppose we were to wrap a coil of insulated wire around a loop of ferromagnetic material and energize this coil with an AC voltage source: (Figure below (a)) Insulated winding on the ferromagnetic loop has inductive reactance, limiting AC current As an inductor, we would expect this iron-core coil to oppose the applied voltage with its inductive reactance, limiting current through the

SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful for controlling DC only. If two SCRs are joined in back-to-back parallel fashion just like two Shockley diodes were joined together to form a DIAC, we have a new device known as the TRIAC: (Figure below) The TRIAC SCR equivalent and, TRIAC schematic symbol Because individual SCRs are more flexible to use in advanced control systems, these are more commonly seen

A similar effect happens in series inductive/capacitive circuits. When a state of resonance is reached (capacitive and inductive reactances equal), the two impedances cancel each other out and the total impedance drops to zero! Example: Simple series resonant circuit. With the total series impedance equal to 0 Ω at the resonant frequency of 159.155 Hz, the result is a short circuit across the AC power source at resonance. In the circuit drawn

Mathematicians use Venn diagrams to show the logical relationships of sets (collections of objects) to one another. Perhaps you have already seen Venn diagrams in your algebra or other mathematics studies. If you have, you may remember overlapping circles and the union and intersection of sets. We will review the overlapping circles of the Venn diagram. We will adopt the terms OR and AND instead of union and intersection since

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity was, like so many other scientific discoveries, stumbled upon almost by accident. The Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted was lecturing one day in 1820 on the possibility of electricity and magnetism being related to one another, and in the process demonstrated it conclusively by experiment in front of his whole class! By passing an electric current through a metal wire suspended above

PARTS AND MATERIALS Power transformer, 120VAC step-down to 12VAC, with the center-tapped secondary winding (Radio Shack catalog # 273-1365, 273-1352, or 273-1511). Terminal strip with at least three terminals. Household wall-socket power plug and cord. Line cord switch. Box (optional). Fuse and fuse holder (optional). Power transformers may be obtained from old radios, which can usually be obtained from a thrift store for a few dollars (or less!). The radio would