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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Example Circuits and Netlists

Example Circuits and Netlists

The following circuits are pre-tested netlists for SPICE 2g6, complete…


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The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

Unijunction transistor: Although a unijunction transistor is not a…


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LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

LC Resonant Frequency Calculator

A circuit with an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) connected in parallel or series will have a resonant frequency at which their impedances are equal. Given two of the three values—inductance, capacitance, or resonant frequency—this tool will calculate the missing third variable.


Tools

Junction Diodes

Junction Diodes

There was some historic crude, but usable semiconductor…


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Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Radio Circuits

Radio Circuits

(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at…


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Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

Analog Lab - Class B Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Class B push-pull audio amplifier to drive a speaker and learn about crossover distortion and how to minimize it using negative feedback.


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Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a custom operational amplifier (op amp) and learn about the application of current mirrors and the use of negative feedback in op amp circuits.


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Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Junction field-effect transistors (JFET)

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Gas Discharge Tubes

Gas Discharge Tubes

If you’ve ever witnessed a lightning storm, you’ve seen…


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Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

Analog Lab - 555 Ramp Signal Generator

In this hands-on electronics experiment, construct a signal generator circuit that creates two different types of ramp signals and learn how capacitors charge when connected to resistors and constant current sources.


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OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

OpAmp Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Digital Circuit Competencies

(Template)


Worksheets - Oscillators

Performance-Based Assessments for Analog Integrated Circuit Competencies

Performance-Based Assessments for Analog Integrated Circuit Competencies


Worksheets - Oscillators

Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Nonlinear OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Other Waveshapes

Other Waveshapes

As strange as it may seem, any repeating, non-sinusoidal waveform is…


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Delta-Sigma ADC

Delta-Sigma ADC

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…


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AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

AC Lab - LC Tank Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a parallel resonant inductor-capacitor circuit and learn about oscillation, resonant frequency, and damping.


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

Comparator with Hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) Calculator

This calculator will compute the required resistor ratio (R2/R1) and reference voltage (VREF) to create the desired high (VTH) and low (VTL) threshold voltages in a non-inverting comparator circuit with hysteresis (commonly called a Schmitt trigger).


Tools

Class B BJT Amplifiers

Class B BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Introduction to Solid-state Device Theory

Introduction to Solid-state Device Theory

This chapter will cover the physics behind the operation of…


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Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Arc Flash and Arc Blast

Electromechanical relays used to start and stop high-power electric…


Worksheets - Oscillators

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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Diodes

Diodes

A diode is an electronics component made from a combination of a…


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Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to series resistance circuits, we will explain…


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Superposition Theorem

Superposition Theorem

The superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes…


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Resistance

Resistance

The circuit in the previous section is not a very practical one. In…


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AC Lab - Automotive Alternator as AC Generator

AC Lab - Automotive Alternator as AC Generator

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, you will use an automotive alternator to generate three-phase AC voltage and learn how alternators can function as both generators and motors.


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Design Project: DC Voltage Regulator

Design Project: DC Voltage Regulator

It may seem difficult to even start on a project such as this, with no…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques

The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described…


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The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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Review of R, X, and Z (Resistance, Reactance and Impedance)

Review of R, X, and Z (Resistance, Reactance and Impedance)

Before we begin to explore the effects of resistors, inductors, and…


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DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use series and parallel resistor networks to precisely adjust the range and zero point of a rheostat.


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Operational Amplifier Models

Operational Amplifier Models

While mention of operational amplifiers typically provokes visions of…


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Decibel Calculator

Decibel Calculator

This calculator will convert voltage or power gains into decibels. Enter one of the three values and the calculator will output the other two.


Tools

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Building Resistor Circuits Using Breadboards, Perfboards, and Terminal Strips

Over the course of learning about electricity, you will want to…


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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitance Formula     Permittivity of Dielectric  …


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Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

Si Lab - A Simple BJT Current Mirror Circuit

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a simple current mirror using matched bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and learn about current mirror circuit limitations, the temperature dependence of BJTs, and thermal runaway.


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Conductor Size

Conductor Size

It should be common-sense knowledge that liquids flow through…


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Universal Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Parallel-out

Universal Shift Registers: Parallel-in, Parallel-out

The purpose of the parallel-in/ parallel-out shift register is to take…


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Characteristic Impedance

Characteristic Impedance

Note the “50 ohm” rating printed on the jacket of the cable. What…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Series R, L, and C

Series R, L, and C

Let’s take the following example circuit and analyze it:  …


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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is not so much a means of analysis…


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Solid-state Relays

Solid-state Relays

Limitations of Electromechanical Relays As versatile as…


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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Conductors and Insulators

Conductors and Insulators

Given two lengths of metal wire, which one will have the least…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Copper Wire Gauge Table

Solid Copper Wire Table Size Diameter (inches) Cross-sectional area…


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Circuit Simplification Examples

Circuit Simplification Examples

Let’s begin with a semiconductor gate circuit in need of…


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Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Oscillators

Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

Inductance, Reactance, and Admittance Calculator

This calculator gives the reactance and admittance of an inductor or the inductance given the reactance of an inductor


Tools

Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes   Yotta = 1024 Symbol: Y Zetta = 1021 Symbol: Z…


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Non-Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for a non-inverting Op-Amp


Tools

Logarithms

Logarithms

Definition of a Logarithm     “log” denotes a…


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