All About Circuits

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Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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Ring Counters

Ring Counters

If the output of a shift register is fed back to the input. a ring…


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Parallel DC Circuits Practice Worksheet With Answers

Parallel DC Circuits Practice Worksheet With Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of voltage…


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Reluctance Motor

Reluctance Motor

The variable reluctance motor is based on the principle that an…


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Inverting and Noninverting OpAmp Voltage Amplifier Circuits

Inverting and Noninverting OpAmp Voltage Amplifier Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Voltage and Current Calculations

Voltage and Current Calculations

There’s a sure way to calculate any of the values in a reactive…


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Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

Series Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to series resistance circuits, we will explain…


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AC Generator Theory

AC Generator Theory

If an electric current is passed through this wire, which direction…


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Resistors

Resistors

Because the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in…


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The Common-emitter Amplifier

The Common-emitter Amplifier

At the beginning of this chapter, it illustrates how transistors could…


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Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

Flyback Switch Mode Regulator Calculator

A calculator for computing several parameters needed in the design of a flyback switch mode regulator


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AC Motor Control Circuits

AC Motor Control Circuits

Perhaps the most challenging aspect of interpreting ladder diagrams,…


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Single-phase Power Systems

Single-phase Power Systems

Single phase power system schematic diagram shows little about the…


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“Ladder” Diagrams

“Ladder” Diagrams

Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document…


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Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…


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Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

Introduction to Diodes And Rectifiers

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to…


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Voltage Divider Calculator

Voltage Divider Calculator

The voltage divider is a circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage.


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The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

The R/2nR DAC: Binary-Weighted-Input Digital-to-Analog Converter

What Is a R/2nR DAC Circuit? The R/2nR DAC circuit, otherwise known as…


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Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


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The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)

The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)


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Full-Adder

Full-Adder

The half-adder is extremely useful until you want to add more than one…


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Wire Self Inductance Calculator

Wire Self Inductance Calculator

This calculator will help compute the inductance of a length of wire.


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The Triode

The Triode

De Forest’s Audion tube came to be known as the triode tube…


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Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

Applying Ohm’s Law—Rules and Methods for Circuit Analysis

When analyzing complex series and parallel circuits, it is easy to…


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AC Circuit Equations

AC Circuit Equations

Inductive Reactance     Capacitive Reactance    …


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Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


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AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Oscillator Circuits

Oscillator Circuits

Phase shift oscillator. R1C1, R2C2, and R3C3 each provide 60° of…


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Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

Mesh Current Method (Loop Current Method)

This page provides a step-by-step introduction to using the mesh…


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Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Input Voltages for Logic Gates Logic gate circuits are designed to…


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Special Transformers and Applications

Special Transformers and Applications

Impedance Matching Because transformers can step voltage and current…


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Specific Resistance of Conductors

Specific Resistance of Conductors

Given two lengths of metal wire, which one will have the least…


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Intro Lab - Nonlinear Resistance

Intro Lab - Nonlinear Resistance

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will compare the resistance of a lamp filament in its on and off states and learn about nonlinear resistances by applying Ohm's law.


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Static Electricity

Static Electricity

What does it mean for an object to have an electric charge? Give an…


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Numeration Systems

Numeration Systems

Digital computers communicate with external devices through ports:…


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Zener Diodes

Zener Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

Instantaneous Values in AC Circuits Pure resistive AC circuit:…


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Contactors

Contactors

All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of…


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Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

We have the symbols for depletion mode and enhancement mode MOSFETs -…


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Differential Equations

Differential Equations

As opposed to normal equations where the solution is a number, a…


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Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors

What is an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and what…


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555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

555 Lab - Schmitt Trigger

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a Schmitt trigger using a 555 timer and learn about hysteresis and the inner workings of the extremely versatile 555 timer IC.


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Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a microstrip.


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Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Summer and Subtractor OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Bridge Circuits

Bridge Circuits

No text on electrical metering could be called complete without a…


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Transistors, Bipolar

Transistors, Bipolar

There are not too many circuit symbols for bipolar transistors. There…


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Capacitors

Capacitors

Identify some of the different types of capacitors, and their…


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Tracking ADC

Tracking ADC

A third variation on the counter-DAC-based converter theme is, in my…


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Switches

Switches

What is the purpose of the switch shown in this schematic diagram?


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The S-R Latch

The S-R Latch

A bistable multivibrator has two stable states, as indicated by the…


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555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

555 Lab - LED Flasher with Inductive Flyback

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a multiple LED flasher and learn how to use inductive flyback to generate a voltage pulse that is greater than the supply voltage.


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Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors

Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors

In any electrically conductive substance, what are charge carriers?…


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AC Waveforms

AC Waveforms

When an alternator produces AC voltage, the voltage switches polarity…


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Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a full-wave bridge rectifier using silicon diodes and learn some of this circuit's advantages and disadvantages.


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Multi-Stage Transistor Amplifiers

Multi-Stage Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC motors were developed from conventional brushed DC motors…


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Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC…


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Voltage/Current Converter OpAmp Circuits

Voltage/Current Converter OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The Thyristor

The Thyristor

A thyristor is a device that has a number of unusual characteristics.…


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