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The P-N Junction

The P-N Junction

If a block of P-type semiconductor is placed in contact with a block…


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Design Project: Arbitrary Waveform Generator

Design Project: Arbitrary Waveform Generator

What, exactly, is an arbitrary waveform generator, and for what…


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Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


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Impedance Matching With Transformers

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Suppose you were to take a 3 kW electric heater rated for 240 VAC and…


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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power…


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Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


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Voltage and Current

Voltage and Current

As was previously mentioned, we need more than just a continuous path…


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Voltage Divider Circuits

Voltage Divider Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC circuit is an alternative to the binary-weighted-input…


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Other Diode Technologies

Other Diode Technologies

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a…


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Gas Discharge Tubes

Gas Discharge Tubes

If you’ve ever witnessed a lightning storm, you’ve seen…


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DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

DC Lab - Parallel Batteries

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will connect batteries in parallel to power a light and learn the relationship between the individual battery currents and the total system current.


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Ohmmeter Design

Ohmmeter Design

Though mechanical ohmmeter (resistance meter) designs are rarely used…


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AC phase

AC phase

If we were to express the series-connected DC voltages as phasors…


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Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

  Note: this is a very unique and useful property of e. As in…


Textbook

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

Analog Lab - Precision Voltage Follower Using an Op Amp

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an op amp voltage follower and learn about negative feedback in operational amplifier circuits.


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Power Measurement

Power Measurement

Power measurement in AC circuits can be quite a bit more complex than…


Textbook

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Every meter impacts the circuit it is measuring to some extent, just…


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DC Bridge Circuits

DC Bridge Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Sum and Product Notation

Sum and Product Notation

For reference, this section introduces the terminology used in some…


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Clipper Circuits

Clipper Circuits

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper.…


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High-pass Filters

High-pass Filters

A high-pass filter’s task is just the opposite of a low-pass…


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Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

Ionization (gas-filled) Tubes

So far, we’ve explored tubes which are totally…


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CMOS Logic Gates

CMOS Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


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Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of a microstrip.


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Capacitors and Calculus

Capacitors and Calculus

Capacitors do not have a stable “resistance” as conductors…


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Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Delta and Wye 3-Phase Circuits

Label where each of the following electrical quantities would be found…


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The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

The Exclusive-OR Function: The XOR Gate

What Is an XOR Gate? One element conspicuously missing from the set of…


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Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

Printed Circuit Board Layout and Manufacture

When a PCB designer speaks of dimensions in thous or mils, what does…


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Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…


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Conductor Size

Conductor Size

It should be common-sense knowledge that liquids flow through…


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General Troubleshooting Tips

General Troubleshooting Tips

When first approaching a failed or otherwise misbehaving system, the…


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Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit

Just like voltmeters, ammeters tend to influence the amount of current…


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Parallel Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

Parallel Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to parallel resistance circuits, we will explain…


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Junction Diodes

Junction Diodes

There was some historic crude, but usable semiconductor…


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The Cascode Amplifier

The Cascode Amplifier

While the C-B (common-base) amplifier is known for wider bandwidth…


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Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Intermediate Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

As an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, it creates a…


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Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance

Intro Lab - How to Use an Ohmmeter to Measure Resistance

In this hands-on introduction to electronics, you will experiment with a multimeter and learn how to measure resistance using the ohmmeter function.


Textbook

Wiring Color Codes Infographic

Wiring Color Codes Infographic

Wiring Color Codes Infographic. Released under the Creative Commons…


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Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for an inverting op-amp.


Tools

Band Theory of Solids

Band Theory of Solids

Quantum physics describes the states of electrons in an atom according…


Textbook

Basic Voltmeter Use

Basic Voltmeter Use

What will this voltmeter register when connected to a battery as shown…


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Electron Tubes

Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…


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Control Circuits

Control Circuits


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TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL NOR and OR gates

TTL Circuit Analysis Let’s examine the following TTL circuit and…


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Three-phase Power Systems

Three-phase Power Systems

What is Split-Phase Power Systems? Split-phase power systems achieve…


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DC Lab - Introduction

DC Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, you will build direct current (DC) circuits and learn fundamental electrical engineering circuit concepts.


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Amplifier Circuits

Amplifier Circuits

Note, Q3 and Q4 in the figure below are complementary, NPN and PNP…


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Specific Resistance

Specific Resistance

Designing Wire Resistance Conductor ampacity rating is a crude…


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Time Constant Equations

Time Constant Equations

Value of time constant in series RC and RL circuits   Time…


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Winding Configurations

Winding Configurations

Transformers with Multiple Secondaries Transformers are very versatile…


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DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use series and parallel resistor networks to precisely adjust the range and zero point of a rheostat.


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Boolean Algebra

Boolean Algebra

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


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Basic Electricity Worksheet

Basic Electricity Worksheet

What is the purpose of the switch shown in this schematic diagram?


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Table (landscape view)

Table (landscape view)

Periodic table of chemical elements.


Textbook

Synchronous Condenser

Synchronous Condenser

Synchronous motors load the power line with a leading power factor.…


Textbook

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Class A BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Synchronous Counters

Synchronous Counters

What is a Synchronous Counter? A synchronous counter, in contrast to…


Textbook

Peak Voltage Calculator

Peak Voltage Calculator

The peak voltage calculator calculates peak voltage values from the peak-to-peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.


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