All About Circuits

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Batteries

Batteries

If I wanted to build a battery-powered electric drill, would it be…


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Design Project: Signal Generator

Design Project: Signal Generator

Explain the principle of operation for the particular integrated…


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Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Expressions

Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their…


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Impedance

Impedance

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Node Voltage Method

Node Voltage Method

The node voltage method of DC network analysis solves for unknown…


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Inductor Voltage and Current Relationship

Inductor Voltage and Current Relationship

Inductors do not have a stable “resistance” as conductors…


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Design Project: Logic Probe

Design Project: Logic Probe

What factors determine where potentiometers Rpot1 and Rpot2 must be…


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An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

An Analogy for Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law also makes intuitive sense if you apply it to the…


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Simple AC Circuit Calculations

Simple AC Circuit Calculations

Over the course of the next few chapters, you will learn that AC…


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Electrical Connections

Electrical Connections

What, exactly, is necessary to establish electrical continuity between…


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Phase Rotation

Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Logic Signal Voltage Levels

Input Voltages for Logic Gates Logic gate circuits are designed to…


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The TRIAC

The TRIAC

SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful…


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Stepper Motors

Stepper Motors

Stepper Motor vs Servo Motor A stepper motor is a…


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Advanced Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Advanced Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! Electronic power conversion circuits known…


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Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.


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Basic Ohmmeter Use

Basic Ohmmeter Use

Explain how an ohmmeter is able to measure the resistance of a…


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DC Branch Current Analysis

DC Branch Current Analysis

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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Analog Lab - Introduction

Analog Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build analog circuits, including amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, and more. Following the step-by-step instructions will help you understand and appreciate analog systems.


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Active Filters

Active Filters

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Asynchronous Flip-Flop Inputs

Asynchronous Flip-Flop Inputs

The normal data inputs to a flip flop (D, S and R, or J and K) are…


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Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

Wavelength (TEM) Calculator

This calculator determines the wavelength of a signal given the frequency and dielectric constant.


Tools

What is the Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits?

What is the Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits?

Circuits consisting of just one battery and one load resistance are…


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Non-Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Resistor Calculator

This calculator determines the bias and feedback of resistors for a non-inverting Op-Amp


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Voltmeter Design

Voltmeter Design

Suppose I were about to measure an unknown voltage with a manual-range…


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Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an edge-triggered S-R flip-flop, learn the difference between a latch and a flip-flop, and experience how a switch bounce can cause logic errors.


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Digital Logic Functions

Digital Logic Functions

We can construct a simple logic functions for our hypothetical lamp…


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Battery Life Calculator

Battery Life Calculator

This calculator provides three options—basic, intermediate, and advanced—for determining expected battery life for microcontroller, Internet of Things (IoT), and edge processing systems with up to four different operating modes.


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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog and Digital Signals

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on measurement…


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Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC…


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Delta-Sigma ADC

Delta-Sigma ADC

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…


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Tube Parameters

Tube Parameters

For bipolar junction transistors, the fundamental measure of…


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Amplifier Gain

Amplifier Gain

The Voltage Gain Because amplifiers have the ability to increase the…


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555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.


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Early Tube History

Early Tube History

Thomas Edison, that prolific American inventor, is often credited with…


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Digital Ramp ADC

Digital Ramp ADC

Also known as the stairstep-ramp, or simply counter A/D converter,…


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DIY EE Lab - Introduction to Electronics Projects

DIY EE Lab - Introduction to Electronics Projects

To learn about electronics, you must eventually engage in hands-on experimentation. Knowledge gleaned from books alone has limited use in scientific endeavors. Troubleshooting a circuit can be as important as the knowledge gained from a properly functioning experiment.


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Electrical Noise and Interference

Electrical Noise and Interference

Define what noise means, in the electrical sense of the word. How does…


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“Ladder” Diagrams

“Ladder” Diagrams

Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics commonly used to document…


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The Instrumentation Amplifier

The Instrumentation Amplifier

What Is an Instrumentation Amplifier? An instrumentation amplifier…


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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


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Meter Check of a Transistor (JFET)

Meter Check of a Transistor (JFET)

Testing a JFET with a multimeter might seem to be a relatively easy…


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Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Tesla Polyphase Induction Motors

Most AC motors are induction motors. Induction motors are favored due…


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Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

Polar Form and Rectangular Form Notation for Complex Numbers

In order to work with complex numbers without drawing vectors, we…


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Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

Si Lab - JFET Current Regulator

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) current regulator and learn some of the advantages of JFETs over BJTs for current regulation.


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Junction Field-effect Transistors

Junction Field-effect Transistors

The field effect transistor was proposed by Julius Lilienfeld in US…


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Digital Lab - Digital Combination Lock

Digital Lab - Digital Combination Lock

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build a digital combination lock with LED output indicators and learn about XOR gate functionality and how to implement NOR logic functionality using diodes.


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Asymmetric Stripline Impedance Calculator

Asymmetric Stripline Impedance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an asymmetric stripline


Tools

Vol IV. Credits

Vol IV. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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Boolean Arithmetic

Boolean Arithmetic

Let us begin our exploration of Boolean algebra by adding numbers…


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Unit Conversion Calculator

Unit Conversion Calculator

Convert to and from different units of length, weight, power, temperature and torque


Tools

Inductance

Inductance

∫f(x) dx Calculus alert! One of the fundamental principles of…


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Contributors (10)

Contributors (10)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


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Oscillator Circuits

Oscillator Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


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Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

Pressure Unit Conversion Calculator

This calculator will convert pressure values to ten different standard units for pressure.


Tools

Introduction to Digital Communication

Introduction to Digital Communication

In the design of large and complex digital systems, it is often…


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Beam Power Tubes

Beam Power Tubes

In the beam power tube, the basic four-element structure of the…


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The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

The R/2R DAC circuit is an alternative to the binary-weighted-input…


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