All About Circuits

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Lorentz Force Calculator

Lorentz Force Calculator

This calculator will determine the combined Lorentz force exerted on a charged particle moving through both an electric field and a magnetic field.


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Rectifier Circuits

Rectifier Circuits

What is Rectification? Now we come to the most popular application of…


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Active Versus Passive Devices

Active Versus Passive Devices

Passive Devices Components incapable of controlling current by means…


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Attenuators

Attenuators

What is Attenuators? Attenuators are passive devices. It is…


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Computer Simulation of Electric Circuits

Computer Simulation of Electric Circuits

Computers can be powerful tools if used properly, especially in the…


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Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

Series DC Circuits Practice Worksheet with Answers

In this circuit, three resistors receive the same amount of current (4…


Worksheets - Analog

Current Mirror BJTs

Current Mirror BJTs

Bipolar Junction Transistor or BJT Current Mirror An often-used…


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What is Alternating Current (AC)?

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Most students of electricity begin their study with what is known as…


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DIP Gate Packaging

DIP Gate Packaging

Digital logic gate circuits are manufactured as integrated circuits:…


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How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

How to Use Thevenin’s Theorem

This page will walk you step-by-step through the process of…


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Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

Si Lab - Simple Op Amp

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a custom operational amplifier (op amp) and learn about the application of current mirrors and the use of negative feedback in op amp circuits.


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Wires and Connections

Wires and Connections

Older electrical schematics showed connecting wires crossing, while…


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AC phase

AC phase

If we were to express the series-connected DC voltages as phasors…


Worksheets - Analog

Operational Amplifier Models

Operational Amplifier Models

While mention of operational amplifiers typically provokes visions of…


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Peak, Average, and RMS Measurements

Peak, Average, and RMS Measurements

How is it possible to assign a fixed value of voltage or current (such…


Worksheets - Analog

Basic Electricity Worksheet

Basic Electricity Worksheet

What is the purpose of the switch shown in this schematic diagram?


Worksheets - Analog

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

After applying some of the general troubleshooting tips to narrow the…


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Clamper Circuits

Clamper Circuits

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC…


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Special Diodes

Special Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

Wheatstone Bridge Calculator

This calculator helps determine the resistance of a variable resistor within a Wheatstone bridge circuit or the differential voltage created across the bridge terminals.


Tools

Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

Digital Lab - 10-bit Flashing LED Sequencer

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build and test an automated circuit that sequentially flashes 10 LED, and learn about counters, frequency dividers, and switch debouncing.


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Why digital?

Why digital?

Although many textbooks provide good introductions to digital memory…


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Vol II. Credits

Vol II. Credits

All entries arranged in alphabetical order of surname. Major…


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Low-pass Filters

Low-pass Filters

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to…


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Finite-length Transmission Lines

Finite-length Transmission Lines

A transmission line of infinite length is an interesting abstraction,…


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Introduction to AC Motors

Introduction to AC Motors

After the introduction of the DC electrical distribution system by…


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Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions

Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions

The term “combinational” comes to us from mathematics. In…


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Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

Likely Failures in Unproven Systems

“All men are liable to error;” —John Locke Whereas…


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Multiple-input Gates

Multiple-input Gates

The Use of Logic Gate Inverters and buffers exhaust the possibilities…


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Resonance in Series-Parallel Circuits

Resonance in Series-Parallel Circuits

In simple reactive circuits with little or no resistance, the effects…


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Parallel Wire Inductance Calculator

Parallel Wire Inductance Calculator

This tool is designed to calculate the inductance of two parallel wires


Tools

Pi Attenuator Calculator

Pi Attenuator Calculator

This calculator helps you determine the values of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used for a Pi Attenuator.


Tools

The DIAC

The DIAC

Like all diodes, Shockley diodes are unidirectional devices; that is,…


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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)

What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)? Operational Amplifiers,…


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Rules for Derivatives

Rules for Derivatives

Constant rule Rule of sums Rule of differences Product rule Quotient…


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Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Kelvin (4-wire) Resistance Measurement

Suppose we wished to measure the resistance of some component located…


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Voltmeter Design

Voltmeter Design

As was stated earlier, most meter movements are sensitive devices.…


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Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes and Unit Conversions

Metric Prefixes   Yotta = 1024 Symbol: Y Zetta = 1021 Symbol: Z…


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Multi-Stage Transistor Amplifiers

Multi-Stage Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)

The Common-drain Amplifier (IGFET)


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Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

Digital Lab - 7-segment LED Display

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will control a 7-segment binary-coded decimal (BCD) display and learn about active-low and active-high logic inputs.


Textbook

Heat Sink Calculator

Heat Sink Calculator

This calculator helps determine the maximum temperature a device can withstand


Tools

Electrons and “holes’’

Electrons and “holes’’

Pure semiconductors are relatively good insulators as compared with…


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Mixed-Frequency Signals

Mixed-Frequency Signals

What is a harmonic frequency? If an oscillator circuit outputs a…


Worksheets - Analog

AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

Instantaneous Values in AC Circuits Pure resistive AC circuit:…


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Conventional Versus Electron Flow

Conventional Versus Electron Flow

“The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of…


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Si Lab - Half-wave Rectifier

Si Lab - Half-wave Rectifier

In this hands-on semiconductor electronics experiment, build a half-wave rectifier circuit using a silicon diode and learn about the differences between permanent magnet motor operation on AC vs. DC power.


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Autotransformers

Autotransformers

How much voltage is there between the following pairs of points in…


Worksheets - Analog

Ideal Diode Current and Voltage Calculator

Ideal Diode Current and Voltage Calculator

This calculator solves for any single missing value in the ideal diode I-V equation for a forward-biased PN-junction diode. Parameters are current, saturation current, voltage, temperature, and ideality factor.


Tools

AC Lab - Musical Keyboard as a Signal Generator

AC Lab - Musical Keyboard as a Signal Generator

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, an electronic musical keyboard will be used as a variable-frequency AC signal generator to learn the difference between AC amplitude and frequency.


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Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits

  A Logic Gate is assigned as an elementary building block of…


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AC Lab - Variable Inductor

AC Lab - Variable Inductor

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a variable conductor and learn the impact of a metal core placed inside an inductor coil has on the inductance.


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Basic Algebra and Graphing for Electric Circuits

Basic Algebra and Graphing for Electric Circuits

Many different equations used in the analysis of electric circuits may…


Worksheets - Analog

Building Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits

Building Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits

Once again, when building battery/resistor circuits, the student or…


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Frequency and Phase Measurement

Frequency and Phase Measurement

An important electrical quantity with no equivalent in DC circuits is…


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CMOS Logic Gates

CMOS Logic Gates

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Analog

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…


Textbook

Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

A chandelier has five light bulbs in it, and one of them is not…


Worksheets - Analog

AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

AC Negative Feedback OpAmp Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Hysteresis

Hysteresis

Thyristors are a class of semiconductor components exhibiting…


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