All About Circuits

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Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals

In our study of AC circuits thus far, we’ve explored circuits…


Textbook

Class B BJT Amplifiers

Class B BJT Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Tracking ADC

Tracking ADC

A third variation on the counter-DAC-based converter theme is, in my…


Textbook

Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


Textbook

Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

Conventional Transistor Overview and Special Transistors

A microcontroller is a specialized type of digital computer used to…


Worksheets - Analog

Special-purpose Batteries

Special-purpose Batteries

Mercury Standard Cell Back in the early days of electrical measurement…


Textbook

Semiconductor Devices in SPICE

Semiconductor Devices in SPICE

The SPICE (Simulation Program, Integrated Circuit Emphesis)…


Textbook

What Are Electric Circuits?

What Are Electric Circuits?

You might have been wondering how charges can continuously flow in a…


Textbook

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

Tube Lab - Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an audio amplifier using a vacuum tube (triode) and learn about voltage transformers, how to build a high-voltage DC power supply, and how to use a transformer for impedance matching.


Textbook

Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

Transistors, Insulated-gate Field-effect (IGFET or MOSFET)

We have the symbols for depletion mode and enhancement mode MOSFETs -…


Textbook

Switch Types

Switch Types

Though it may seem strange to cover the elementary topic of electrical…


Textbook

Phase Rotation

Phase Rotation

Three-Phase Alternator Let’s take the three-phase alternator…


Textbook

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Bipolar Transistor Biasing Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Building a Differential Amplifier

Building a Differential Amplifier

Differential Op-Amp Circuits An op-amp with no feedback is already a…


Textbook

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Impedance Matching With Transformers

Suppose you were to take a 3 kW electric heater rated for 240 VAC and…


Worksheets - Analog

AC Lab - Phase Shift in a Capacitive Circuit

AC Lab - Phase Shift in a Capacitive Circuit

In this hands-on AC electronics experiment, build a simple RC circuit that demonstrates phase shift and learn how out-of-phase AC voltages do not add algebraically.


Textbook

Magnetic Fields and Inductance

Magnetic Fields and Inductance

Whenever electrons flow through a conductor, a magnetic field will…


Textbook

Parallel Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

Parallel Circuits and the Application of Ohm’s Law

In this introduction to parallel resistance circuits, we will explain…


Textbook

Analog Lab - Introduction

Analog Lab - Introduction

In this series of hands-on electronics experiments, build analog circuits, including amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, and more. Following the step-by-step instructions will help you understand and appreciate analog systems.


Textbook

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - Analog

Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected…


Textbook

Design Project: Sensitive Microphone Amplifier

Design Project: Sensitive Microphone Amplifier

Identify which direction each potentiometer wiper must move in this…


Worksheets - Analog

Conductors and Insulators

Conductors and Insulators

Given two lengths of metal wire, which one will have the least…


Worksheets - Analog

Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops

This is a schematic for a simple VCO: The oscillator is of the RC…


Worksheets - Analog

Data Flow

Data Flow

Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur…


Textbook

Ohm’s Law Calculator

Ohm’s Law Calculator

Calculate circuit parameters using Ohm's Law


Tools

Synchronous Counters

Synchronous Counters

What is a Synchronous Counter? A synchronous counter, in contrast to…


Textbook

The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


Textbook

Contributors (8)

Contributors (8)

Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of…


Textbook

Transistor Biasing Calculations

Transistor Biasing Calculations

Although transistor switching circuits operate without bias, it is…


Textbook

Series and Parallel Inductors

Series and Parallel Inductors

When inductors are connected in series, the total inductance is the…


Textbook

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Shown here is a simplified representation of an atom: the smallest…


Worksheets - Analog

The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

If we take the equivalent circuit of an SCR and add another external…


Textbook

TTL NAND and AND gates

TTL NAND and AND gates

Suppose we altered our basic open-collector inverter circuit, adding a…


Textbook

Calculating Power Factor

Calculating Power Factor

As was mentioned before, the angle of this “power…


Textbook

Flash ADC

Flash ADC

Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest…


Textbook

Node Voltage Method

Node Voltage Method

The node voltage method of DC network analysis solves for unknown…


Textbook

Introduction to Junction Field-effect Transistors (JFET)

Introduction to Junction Field-effect Transistors (JFET)

A transistor is a semiconductor device that controls current with the…


Textbook

Shift Registers

Shift Registers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Analog

Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

Digital Lab - S-R Flip-flop Using NAND Gates

In this hands-on electronics experiment, build an edge-triggered S-R flip-flop, learn the difference between a latch and a flip-flop, and experience how a switch bounce can cause logic errors.


Textbook

Wire Loop Inductance Calculator

Wire Loop Inductance Calculator

This calculator helps you compute the inductance of a wire loop.


Tools

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

555 Lab - Monostable Multivibrator (One-shot)

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a monostable multivibrator using a 555 timer IC and learn about RC time constant charging and how a one-shot timer operates.


Textbook

Wiring Color Codes

Wiring Color Codes

Wiring for AC and DC power distribution branch circuits are color…


Textbook

Impedance Transformation

Impedance Transformation

Standing waves at the resonant frequency points of an open- or…


Textbook

Torque Conversion Calculator

Torque Conversion Calculator

A tool designed to convert between units of torque


Tools

Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitor Sizing Equation

Capacitance Formula     Permittivity of Dielectric  …


Textbook

What is a Meter?

What is a Meter?

A meter is any device built to accurately detect and display an…


Textbook

Peak Voltage Calculator

Peak Voltage Calculator

The peak voltage calculator calculates peak voltage values from the peak-to-peak voltage, RMS voltage, or average voltage.


Tools

DC Lab - Potato Battery

DC Lab - Potato Battery

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will create a battery from a potato (yes! a potato) and learn about the relationship between chemical energy and electric energy.


Textbook

Edge Coupled Stripline Impedance Calculator

Edge Coupled Stripline Impedance Calculator

A calculator for computing the impedance of an edge coupled stripline.


Tools

AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

AC Resistor Circuits (Inductive)

Instantaneous Values in AC Circuits Pure resistive AC circuit:…


Textbook

Conductor Ampacity

Conductor Ampacity

The smaller the cross-sectional area of any given wire, the greater…


Textbook

Delta-Sigma ADC

Delta-Sigma ADC

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called…


Textbook

Zener Diodes

Zener Diodes

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Soldering

Soldering

Both soldering irons and soldering guns are tools used in the process…


Worksheets - Analog

Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

Edge Coupled Microstrip Impedance Calculator

This tool helps calculate the impedance of an edge-coupled microstrip.


Tools

Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Basic Logic Gate Troubleshooting

Counting practice: count from zero to thirty-one in binary, octal, and…


Worksheets - Analog

The S-R Latch

The S-R Latch

A bistable multivibrator has two stable states, as indicated by the…


Textbook

Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits

  A Logic Gate is assigned as an elementary building block of…


Textbook

Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


Textbook