All About Circuits

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Harmonic Phase Sequences

Harmonic Phase Sequences

In the last section, we saw how the 3rd harmonic and all of its…


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Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

Basic Troubleshooting Strategies

A chandelier has five light bulbs in it, and one of them is not…


Worksheets - Analog

Parallel R, L, and C

Parallel R, L, and C

We can take the same components from the series circuit and rearrange…


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Transistor Biasing Calculations

Transistor Biasing Calculations

Although transistor switching circuits operate without bias, it is…


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Building a Differential Amplifier

Building a Differential Amplifier

Differential Op-Amp Circuits An op-amp with no feedback is already a…


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More on AC “polarity”

More on AC “polarity”

Complex numbers are useful for AC circuit analysis because they…


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Ammeter Design

Ammeter Design

Ammeters Measure Electrical Current A meter designed to measure…


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Hand Calculator Use

Hand Calculator Use

To enter numbers in scientific notation into a hand calculator, there…


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Thyristors

Thyristors

Thyristors are a broad classification of bipolar-conducting…


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Voltage and Current Calculations

Voltage and Current Calculations

There’s a sure way to calculate any of the values in a reactive…


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Basic AC-DC Power Supplies

Basic AC-DC Power Supplies

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

The “Operational” Amplifier

The “Operational” Amplifier

Long before the advent of digital electronic technology, computers…


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Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit

Because it takes energy to force charge to flow against the opposition…


Textbook

Elementary Amplifier Theory

Elementary Amplifier Theory

Fundamentally, an amplifier is a device that takes in a low-power…


Worksheets - Analog

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

Specific Troubleshooting Techniques

After applying some of the general troubleshooting tips to narrow the…


Textbook

Analog Lab - High-impedance Voltmeter

Analog Lab - High-impedance Voltmeter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a high-impedance voltmeter and learn about circuit loading and how to use op amps to reduce loading effects.


Textbook

Averager and Summer Circuits

Averager and Summer Circuits

If we take three equal resistors and connect one end of each to a…


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BJT Amplifier Troubleshooting

BJT Amplifier Troubleshooting

As an instructor of electronics, I am called upon frequently to help…


Worksheets - Analog

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

Si Lab - Full-wave Bridge Rectifier With Output Filtering

In this hands-on semiconductor experiment, build an improved full-wave rectifier with output filtering and learn about capacitive filtering in AC-to-DC power converters.


Textbook

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws

Many electronic circuits use what is called a split or a dual power…


Worksheets - Analog

Standing Waves and Resonance

Standing Waves and Resonance

Whenever there is a mismatch of impedance between transmission line…


Textbook

Millman’s Theorem

Millman’s Theorem

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

DC Lab - Current Divider

DC Lab - Current Divider

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build resistive current dividers and observe how Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's current law function in real circuits using a voltmeter and an ammeter.


Textbook

Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

Antiderivatives of Power Functions of e

  Note: this is a very unique and useful property of e. As in…


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Complex Vector Addition

Complex Vector Addition

If vectors with uncommon angles are added, their magnitudes (lengths)…


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Meter Check of a Diode

Meter Check of a Diode

The Functionality of Diode Polarity Being able to determine the…


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DIP Gate Packaging

DIP Gate Packaging

Digital logic gate circuits are manufactured as integrated circuits:…


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Contactors

Contactors

All About Contactors When a relay is used to switch a large amount of…


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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to analyze digital…


Worksheets - Analog

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

It is a common phenomenon for the electrical resistance of a substance…


Worksheets - Analog

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism

The discovery of the relationship between magnetism and electricity…


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Link Budget Calculator

Link Budget Calculator

A Link Budget puts into account all gains and losses a signal goes through in a system as it is transmitted. The calculator calculates the power of the received signal given amplifier and antenna gains, and medium loss.


Tools

Polyphase Power Systems

Polyphase Power Systems

Explain the difference between a balanced polyphase system and an…


Worksheets - Analog

Decoder

Decoder

A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It…


Textbook

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project kit introduction

Wire-by-Number project: simple voltage divider Description: Build a…


Worksheets - Analog

Waveguide Calculator (Rectangular)

Waveguide Calculator (Rectangular)

This tool calculates the cutoff frequency of a rectangular waveguide


Tools

Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Differential Transistor Amplifiers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Analog Lab - High-impedance Voltmeter

Analog Lab - High-impedance Voltmeter

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build a high-impedance voltmeter and learn about circuit loading and how to use op amps to reduce loading effects.


Textbook

Intro Lab - Build an Electromagnet

Intro Lab - Build an Electromagnet

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will build an electromagnet and learn about electromagnetism including the relationship of magnetic polarity to current flow.


Textbook

Design Project: Dual-output AC-DC Power Supply

Design Project: Dual-output AC-DC Power Supply

Safety is very important when designing and/or building a device…


Worksheets - Analog

Capacitor Types

Capacitor Types

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that…


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Active-mode Operation (BJT)

Active-mode Operation (BJT)

When a transistor is in the fully-off state (like an open switch), it…


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Soldering

Soldering

Both soldering irons and soldering guns are tools used in the process…


Worksheets - Analog

Series-parallel R, L, and C

Series-parallel R, L, and C

Now that we’ve seen how series and parallel AC circuit analysis…


Textbook

Design Project: Telegraph System

Design Project: Telegraph System

What voltage will you choose to use for each of the station batteries?


Worksheets - Analog

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Switched Capacitor Circuitry

Write an equation describing the precise mathematical relationship…


Worksheets - Analog

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

DC Lab - Rheostat Range Limiting

In this hands-on electronics experiment, you will use series and parallel resistor networks to precisely adjust the range and zero point of a rheostat.


Textbook

Negative Feedback

Negative Feedback

If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply…


Textbook

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Series and Parallel AC Circuits

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Basic Logic Gates

Basic Logic Gates

Identify the type of logic gate shown in this schematic diagram, and…


Worksheets - Analog

Transistors, Hybrid

Transistors, Hybrid

In essence, the IGFET controls the base current of a BJT, which…


Textbook

Time-delay Relays

Time-delay Relays

What are Time-Delay Relays? Some relays are constructed with a kind of…


Textbook

Friis Transmission Calculator

Friis Transmission Calculator

This calculator allows you to solve for any of the six variables in the Friis formula for RF transmission: transmitter power, transmitter gain, receiver power, receiver gain, frequency, or distance.


Tools

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

Millman’s Theorem Revisited

You may have wondered where we got that strange equation for the…


Textbook

Ohm’s Law (again!)

Ohm’s Law (again!)

A common phrase heard in reference to electrical safety goes something…


Textbook

Potentiometers

Potentiometers

Don’t just sit there! Build something!! Learning to mathematically…


Worksheets - Analog

Electron Tubes

Electron Tubes

Cathode:   This is the electrode that is heated and emits the…


Textbook

Series R, L, and C

Series R, L, and C

Let’s take the following example circuit and analyze it:  …


Textbook

Electrical Isolation

Electrical Isolation

SPICE analysis of Electrical Isolation Aside from the ability to…


Textbook

R, L and C Summary

R, L and C Summary

With the notable exception of calculations for power (P), all AC…


Textbook